<p>The Lohit River or Zayü River is a river in India and China. It is a tributary to the Brahmaputra River. The river rises in eastern Tibet, in the Kangri Garpo range, where it is known as the Zayü River . It descends through this mountainous region and surges through Arunachal Pradesh in India for 200 km before entering the plains of Assam where it is known as the Lohit River. Tempestuous and turbulent, and known as the river of blood partly attributable to the lateritic soil, it flows through the Mishmi Hills, to meet the Siang  at the head of the Brahmaputra valley.</p><br>
<p>Thickly forested for the most part, alpine vegetation gives way to subtropical forests, and then to some of the densest tropical jungles in all of India. Rhododendrons bloom in many hues in the upper reaches, orchids reveal themselves in the lower groves. This is indeed a treasure house of medicinal plant and herbs, and the home of Mishmi teeta, the coptis plant, prized the world over for its medicinal properties.</p><br>
<p>The Mishmis hold sway in the hills. In the plains are the Khamptis and the Singphos, fervent Buddhists and migrants from across he Patkai hills from Burma. As the Lohit journeys through, Tibetan theology gives way to animist belief, in turn replaced by Theravada Buddhism and then by Hindu temples. This region experiences a mix of many cultures near the tripoint between Tibet, Southeast Asia, and South Asia.</p><br>
<p>The Lohit river comes into India from China and flows near India&#39;s eastern most inhabited tip, at a place called Kibithu. The Indian Army uses this river for various expeditions and training.</p><br>
<h2>River rafting</h2><br>
<p>There have been very few raft expeditions on the Lohit River. It is a medium volume continuous Class 4+/5 river in its upper alpine reaches and becomes pool drop towards the latter end of the trip. Rafting was first started in February 1994 by the Indian Army and the first successful kayak descent of the river in December 2003.</p><br>
<p>Parshuram Kund, a Hindu pilgrimage is situated on the lower reaches of Lohit. Over 70,000 devotees and sadhus take holy dip its water each year on the occasion of Makar Sankranti, in the month of January.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nashborough was the stockade established in early 1779 in the French Lick area of the Cumberland River valley, as a forerunner to the settlement that would become the city of Nashville, Tennessee. The log stockade was square in shape and covered 2 acre. It contained 20 log cabins and was protection for the settlers against wild animals and Indians. Today, a reconstructed fortification, maintained by Nashville Parks and Recreation, stands near the site of the original structure.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The American Revolution broke out one month after Richard Henderson&#39;s purchase agreement with the Cherokee for the lands of the proposed Transylvania settlement was signed.</p><br>
<p>Most Cherokee towns wished to stay neutral in the growing contest between the colonists and Britain, but Chief Dragging Canoe considered the war an opportunity to resist the continual encroachment by frontiersmen on traditional Cherokee territories. American retaliatory raids against his Cherokee towns in eastern Tennessee eventually forced Dragging Canoe to move his people farther to the south and west &ndash;down the Tennessee River. In 1779 they settled along Chickamauga Creek (near present-day Chattanooga, Tennessee), becoming known as the Chickamauga Cherokees. Later they were forced to move even further west and southwest, where they established the "Five Lower Towns", and were often thereafter referred to as the "Lower Cherokee". Dragging Canoe had promised to make any white settlers pay a "heavy price" if they moved into the Cumberland River valley, and he was to make good his word.</p><br>
<h2>Preparations</h2><br>
<p>No attempt had previously been made to permanently settle the area then known only as French Lick along the banks of the Cumberland River. In 1779, John Buchanan Sr. migrated with his family from Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, to North Carolina. He first went to the "over-mountain" area of Virginia (modern day eastern Kentucky) in order to leave the party&#39;s women and small children in a secure area. The settlers then headed down the Cumberland River and, in early 1779, built a fortified station at French Lick (later to be called Fort Nashborough).</p><br>
<p>In February 1779, Overmountain leader James Robertson set out with a nine-man exploration party to the same area. Robertson had been a member of the Regulator Movement, as well as a founding leader of the Watauga settlement. A 3,000 acre (12 km²) land grant was negotiated with Richard Henderson, and arrangements were made for the movement of the group&#39;s families to the area. The colonists agreed to pay Henderson 26 pounds of silver per hundred acres, which was then considered an expensive price (equal to approximately $6.20/acre). Robertson charged three of his men to stay behind and plant corn in preparation for the arrival of the much larger group, which had remained behind in the Washington District.</p><br>
<p>Robertson then journeyed to the Illinois Country (an area claimed by Virginia at the time) to meet with General George Rogers Clark (a land agent of Virginia), who was dispensing "cabin rights" on very favorable terms. Robertson, whose 1772 Watauga settlement had originally been opposed to the control of the area by the Province of North Carolina, thought it possible that the yet-to-be established extended border between the Virginia and North Carolina frontiers might throw control of any new Cumberland River settlement to Virginia. Therefore, he wished to get secure and clear land titles to eliminate any future complications over ownership. After making provisional arrangements with General Clark, Robertson prepared for the colonization of the Cumberland country.</p><br>
<h2>Robertson by land</h2><br>
<p>On 1 November 1779, Robertson led some 200 settlers from Fort Patrick Henry (now Long Island, Kingsport, Tennessee) toward Fort Nashborough to prepare for the later arrival of the partys women and children, who were to be led (by John Donelson) out of the east over waterways. Robertsons brothers, Mark and John, were in the party, as well as his oldest son, 11-year-old Jonathan, who drove the sheep. The men were joined en route by John Rains and a number of his friends and allied families. This group decided to settle at French Lick, rather than continue upriver into that area which later became the State of Kentucky. Their journey ended on Christmas Day, due to delays caused by the winter (described as the coldest one any of them had ever known).</p><br>
<h2>Donelson by river</h2><br>
<p>Starting out in early 1780, Donelsons group was halted after traveling only three miles on their river voyage. Ice, snow and cold had set in and the frozen river made progress impossible. There was no further movement until mid-February, and when the boats were eventually cut loose, they were hampered again by the swell of the river due to incessant heavy rains. Donelsons group also suffered greatly from Dragging Canoes promise of vengeance. On their way to French Lick they had to pass the Chickamauga towns on the westward flow of the Tennessee River. When the Donelson party had succeeded in that, however, and made the turn to the north (in what is today Hardin County, Tennessee), the natives attacked them as they went past the Tennessee Rivers "Big Bend" (at Cerro Gordo). The war party captured one boat with 28 people on board. On March 20, 1780, they arrived at the mouth of the Tennessee River and set up camp on a lowland which is now the site of Paducah, Kentucky. Weary, hungry and low on provisions, they were confronted by new difficulties. Their boats, having been constructed to float downstream, were scarcely able to ascend the rapid current of the Ohio, which due to heavy spring rains was particularly high and fast. They were also ignorant of the distance yet to be traveled, and the length of time which would be required to reach their final destination. Some of the company decided to abandon the journey to French Lick. A part of them floated down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to Natchez, the rest settling at points in Illinois along the Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The others, however, were determined to pursue their course up the Ohio from Paducah to the mouth of the Cumberland River, a distance which turned out to be only fifteen miles (24 km). Upon seeing it, they were unsure it was the Cumberland, because it seemed very much smaller in volume than they had expected to find. However, they had heard of no stream flowing into the Ohio between the Tennessee and Cumberland, and, therefore, decided to make the ascent. They were soon assured by the widening channel that they were correct in their conjectures. In order to make progress upstream, Donelson rigged his boat, the Adventure, with a small sail made out of a sheet. To prevent ill effects from any sudden gust of wind, a man was stationed at each lower corner of this sail with instructions to loosen it when the breeze became too strong.</p><br>
<h3>Settled</h3><br>
<p>Upon reaching their destination, Donelson reunited with Robertson, and the group cleared the land, building a settlement which they named in honor of General Francis Nash, who had won acclaim fighting in the American Revolution. Together these frontiersmen built other fortified "stations" in the vicinity which were named for members of the party; among these were Eatons Station (on the east side of the Cumberland); Clover Bottom Mansion (the Donelson family plantation on the Stones River); Freelands Station; Manskers Station; Thompsons Station; and Buchanan&#39;s Station—many still remembered as neighborhoods or towns in the modern Nashville area.</p><br>
<h2>Political significance</h2><br>
<p>Robertson drew up a constitution, called the Cumberland Compact, and the area began a new phase of autonomy from the government of North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Fort life</h2><br>
<p>Buffalo, black bear, wild turkeys, white tail deer, beaver, raccoon, fox, elk, wolf, cougar, mink, and otter were abundant in the untamed forests. The pioneer familys most treasured possessions were their guns for hunting, axes for wood-cutting, seeds, and hoes for cultivating. Frontier life was a constant struggle, and without these necessities, survival was at risk. Corn was the most important crop for their daily diet, and corn whiskey was the remedy for all health problems. Henderson, ever the profiteer, arranged to have corn shipped from Kentucky at a cost of $200 a bushel for that first winter in Nashville. Linen, made from flax, or cotton was used for clothes. Animal skins and hides supplemented their wardrobes. The first white child born in the new settlement was James Robertsons son, Felix, on January 11, 1781. He eventually became one of the most influential physicians of the era.</p><br>
<p>The Land Grab Act of 1783 offered lots in 100 acre tracts for the price of about five dollars. Much property was awarded for honorable military service. Native American lands reserved by treaties and previous claims were not legally available, but in the haste, confusion and greed, there were many squatters and boundary disputes. The flood of colonists wanting land of their own was unstoppable.</p><br>
<h2>Native American attacks</h2><br>
<p>The largest and most numerous tribes in the region were the Cherokee, who were originally peaceful to the eastern British colonials. But from the beginning, the Cumberland settlement had very little peace, and was continually attacked. The tribes resented past concessions, broken treaties and further encroachment on their hunting grounds.</p><br>
<p>Because of political pressures, the Chickasaw decided to make peace with the Cumberland settlers. Piomingo, an influential leader, considered the pioneers to be less of a threat than the Spanish government.</p><br>
<p>Dragging Canoes Cherokee, and their Muscogee allies, continued attacks on the frontier settlements for the next fourteen years. The settlers had to be on guard against Indian attacks at all times. On April 2, 1781, a force of Chickamauga Cherokee led by Dragging Canoe attacked the fort at the bluffs. In the attack, known as the "Battle of the Bluffs," the Indians succeeded in luring most of the men out of the fort, then cutting them off from the entrance. But the settlers managed to escape back to the fort while the Cherokee captured their horses. They also had help from the forts dogs, turned loose by the women. The attacks decreased the following year.</p><br>
<h2>Replica</h2><br>
<p>A small replica of the fort, located in Downtown Nashville along First Avenue North, several hundred meters from the original site of the fort, was built in the 1930s (out of retired telephone poles) as one of the public works relief projects growing from the Roosevelt Administration&#39;s efforts to deal with the massive increase in unemployment caused by the Great Depression, and was subsequently repaired and renovated several times. In recent decades, the facility was not usually manned but allowed self-guided tours in daylight hours. After suffering considerable damage in the 2010 Tennessee flood the facility was closed, and has been slated for demolition and replacement by a memorial plaza. On July 13, 2017 a ribbon-hacking ceremony was held at the site of the newly renovated Fort Nashborough History Center, where families from Nashville and around the world can learn about Nashville’s story. The new History Center is a more inclusive representation of our past, and includes a plaza dedicated to Native American history.</p><br>
<p>The Albert Pike Residence Hotel is a historic commercial building at 701 South Scott Street in Little Rock, Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1929 by the Farrell Hotel Company at an approximate cost of $1,000,000. It was designed by architect Eugene John Stern in the Italian-Spanish Revival style. The two main wings are eight stories each, and extend out towards Scott Street. These two wings are connected across the back by a ten-story cross section. Decorated stone pediments extend above the roof line in the center of each wing. The cloister type porch graces the main entries which are flanked by triple arched leaded-glass windows. Above the entries are terra cotta medallions featuring heraldic shields with the initials "AP". The elaborate decor includes detailed stenciling, leaded and stained glass windows, extensive decorative tile, iron work, and ornate light fixtures. The coffered ceiling in the two story main lobby is overlooked by an open mezzanine floor that contains fine antique furnishings, including a custom made Hazelton Bros. grand piano, designed to match the building&#39;s interior structural features.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is named after one of Arkansas&#39; leading historical figures, Albert Pike, a teacher, attorney, newspaperman, Confederate Brigadier General, and later a judge of the Arkansas Supreme Court. The building was a hotel from its construction in 1928 (opening in 1929) until December 1971, when the Second Baptist Church assumed ownership and began its Albert Pike Residence Hotel ministry. The purpose was to provide a family retirement community that was happy and uplifting.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 the hotel secured a Section 231 loan for $2,400,000 from the Department of Housing and Urban Development. This made possible the renovation of the hotel infrastructure bringing it up to current fire and safety standards.</p><br>
<p>The Albert Pike Hotel was entered into the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior in 1978. A grant from the Historical Preservation Society helped to restore the public and community areas to their original condition.</p><br>
<p>In late 1985, the hotel was purchased by a privately held corporation in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Since that time continuous upgrades, such as the addition of kitchen facilities, were made in efficiency, one, and two bedroom apartments. The apartments were created where two hotel rooms had connecting doors. Non connecting rooms are studio apartments with microwave-refrigerator combo units.</p><br>
<p>The North Lounge was restored in 1994 and was made a smoke-free environment. It provides a common activities room, television lounge, post office boxes, and library. Regular events are held to inform residents of health and community services available in the area, as well as weekly bingo, monthly birthday parties, and special occasion and holiday parties.</p><br>
<p>The Sulm is a river in the Heilbronn district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is an unnavigable right tributary of the Neckar. It rises in the Löwenstein Mountains and after 25.3 km distance and 315 m elevation drop flows into the Neckar at Bad Friedrichshall, near Untereisesheim and Neckarsulm. Its valley together with its tributary valleys is also known as the Weinsberg Valley , after Weinsberg, which is located there. The medieval region of Sulmgau, as well as the city of Neckarsulm, were named for it. The upper valley of the Sulm is a protected area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Sulm rises south of Löwenstein at the edge of the Löwenstein Mountains. It originates in several brooks, and which brook specifically constitutes the source is subject to interpretation. One such brook which has three points of origin and sometimes termed the Sauklinge is marked as the source by a sign. One of the tributaries of the stream while it is still small is fed by an artificial lake called the Bleichsee. This is located between the watersheds of the Sulm and the Schozach and maintained by dams; the Buchbach, which rises at an altitude of 465 m and flows into it via an old mill stream, would otherwise be a tributary of the Schozach, but the stretch of it between the Bleichsee and the Sulm, or sometimes its entire length, is sometimes attributed to the Sulm, in which case the overall length of the Sulm becomes 26.2 km.</p><br>
<p>The name Sulm is indisputably attached to the river that proceeds from the confluence near State Road 1111 of the Sauklinge and the brook flowing from the Bleichsee. From that point it flows north on the edge of the Teusserbad section of Löwenstein and past Castle Lautereck, built in 1623; it is in an underground culvert for a short stretch crossing the property of the Teusser company. It then turns east and flows past the Rittelhof section of Löwenstein. South of Bundestraße 39 it feeds a mill pond at the Seemühle, the last of what were originally 3 mills serving Löwenstein. After passing under the B39, at an altitude of approximately 222 m, it is dammed to form the Breitenauer See, an artificial lake or detention basin 40 hectare in area which was created in 1975&ndash;80 for flood control. The majority of this lake lies within the territory of Obersulm. Northwest of the Weiler section of Obersulm, the former bed of the Sulm is now fed only by springs and drainage discharge pipes, while the river flows under the dam in a culvert to a point north of the Weiler&ndash;Affaltrach road, where it flows into the old mill stream of the Affaltrach mill and after a few dozen metres into the Schlierbach, a tributary via which it rejoins the original riverbed a few metres further on. The Sulm then turns west-northwest, flowing through the Affaltrach and Willsbach sections of Obersulm. Willsbach is situated in the Sülzbach valley on its right bank. The Sulm flows along the north-east edge of Ellhofen, under the Hohenlohe Railway, and then directly north-west through the territory of Weinsberg, although it does not pass through the town itself.</p><br>
<p>At Weinsberg it is initially channelled through the Weinsberg motorway interchange, where the A 6 and A 81 cross. Until 1971, this was the location of a mill which was removed when the interchange was built; the Hasenmühle mill remains beside the river north-west of that point. Below the confluence of the Weißenhofbach, within the territory of Erlenbach but to the east of the town itself, there is a flood-control basin.</p><br>
<p>The river continues its flow northwest toward Neckarsulm, passing on its right bank Erlenbach and the Binswangen section of that town. The valley bottom is half a kilometer wide at this point and is spanned by the dam of a further flood control basin. Leaving the town, the bed of the Sulm has been straightened where it passes through the Sulmtalpark, which was created in 1975. Within the territory of Neckarsulm, there were previously mills along its course; the Nähermühle, at the city border, was removed in 1988. At this point the Sulm previously flowed in a wide curve to the north and then the west through the grounds of the NSU Motorenwerke plant; following two floods in 1970, it was diverted into a culvert in 1973&ndash;75. It now flows underground for more than 2.6 km and at the border between Neckarsulm and Bad Friedrichshall at the Neckar Canal, this section of which was completed in 1925, is piped under the canal. A little upstream of the canal, the Sulm can be seen in a maintenance channel several metres below.</p><br>
<p>On the west side of the Neckar Canal, the river re-emerges on the island between the canal and the former channel of the Neckar and flows for approximately 250 m through Bad Friedrichshall territory immediately north of the border with Untereisesheim before emptying into the Neckar across from the southern part of Untereisesheim, at an altitude of 148 m.</p><br>
<h3>Catchment area</h3><br>
<p>The watershed of the Sulm comprises 111 km&sup2; and is bordered by the watersheds of the Brettach to the north and east, the Schozach to the southwest and the Murr to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Its major tributaries (with the location of their confluence) are on the right: the Schlierbach (Affaltrach in Obersulm), the Michelbach (Affaltrach), the Seebächle (Willsbach in Obersulm), the Sülzbach (Sülzbach in Obersulm), and the Weißenhofbach (in its upper reaches called the Eberbach; above Erlenbach); and on the left: the Hambach (Willsbach in Obersulm), the Ellbach (Ellhofen), and the Stadtseebach, Saubach, or Weinsbergerbach (Erlenbach).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest archaeological traces of settlement in the Sulm valley are from the Neolithic. Numerous finds in the Willsbach section of Obersulm suggest a permanent settlement. A Roman settlement has been shown to have existed in Weinsberg, and a Roman road ran through the Sulm valley connecting the forts on the limes at Böckingen in Heilbronn and at Öhringen. Subsequently, Alemanni and Franks settled the valley.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded mention of the name Sulm is in a 771 charter of Lorsch Abbey in which Neckarsulm is referred to as villa sulmana. It probably derives from an Ablaut form of the Germanic *swalm, "surge". It also gave its name to the medieval gau of Sulmgau, recorded as Sulmanachgowe in charters of the 770s and 780s.</p><br>
<p>Since the river is not navigable, for years its main economic importance was driving mills, of which there were more than 20 on the Sulm and its tributaries between Löwenstein and Neckarsulm. Since millers often had the right to create mill ponds, they sometimes also created fishing pools, some of which still exist. Mill races provided the necessary water gradient to drive the mills. The mill race which fed the Affaltrach mill survives, although for the most part dry; the mill race of the Willsbach mill, which fell 4.5 m over a length of more than 1.8 km was closed in 1963 and filled in in 1972. Both mills, and that on the Schlierbach in the Weiler section of Obersulm, are still in operation but no longer water-powered. NSU Motorenwerke originated in a sewing machine company that began operations in 1880 at the Brunnersche Mühle, a sawmill and gypsum mill in Neckarsulm, and used the river for power.</p><br>
<p>In 1980&ndash;2003, the flow of the Sulm at Erlenbach averaged 920 l per second. Prior to the flood control measures on the upper Sulm, during one high water on 18 June 1978, it reached almost 60,000 l per second. Floods occurred regularly, were exacerbated by increasing ground sealing, and presented a problem for the industries located between the Sulm and the Neckar in Neckarsulm. After two high waters in February and May 1970 flooded the Audi NSU plant, which was of great economic importance to Neckarsulm and the region, and led to a 14-day interruption of production, the State of Baden-Württemberg decided to institute flood-control measures. In 1973, the Wasserverband Sulm (Sulm Water Authority) was founded; this is headquartered in Weinsberg and the district and city of Heilbronn and all towns and settlements along the Sulm and its tributaries are members, including Bad Friedrichshall, Bretzfeld, Eberstadt, Lehrensteinsfeld und Oedheim. Earlier plans to culvert the river in Neckarsulm were carried out in 1973&ndash;75, and in November 1974 a retention basin was completed on the eastern edge of Neckarsulm, where it borders Erlenbach. The Sulm now flows underground for 2.6 km through Neckarsulm until it crosses under the Neckar Canal. In 1975&ndash;80, the Breitenauer See was constructed as a central flood control basin in the Sulm valley, and additional retention basins were constructed along the Sulm and its major tributaries during the remaining decades of the 20th century. These measures have considerably mitigated flood damage, for example during a heavy rainfall on 5 July 2006 of up to 86.4 l per square metre., 15 of a planned total of 17 retention basins have been completed. Costs were estimated at 10.2 million euro in 1973; total costs are currently estimated at 36 million euro.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The lower Sulm has been extensively channelled and culverted, the upper Sulm less so. However, its course has been altered even in some of the upper reaches. For example, in 1950 it was regularised&#39; in Willsbach, and in 1963 in Affalbach, its tributary the Michelbach was culverted because of the smell of the polluted water. Over almost its entire course, the hydromorphological condition of the river is assessed as impaired or removed from its natural state. Its water quality was assessed in 2004 as relatively impaired (Class II), but in immediate proximity to the source, slightly impaired (Class I&ndash;II).</p><br>
<p>Since 1979, the upper Sulm valley has been designated as a protected area, Oberes Sulmtal mit Randhöhen, and it lies within the Swabian-Franconian Forest Nature Park. The Bleichsee on one of its tributaries, which has been protected since 1978, is one of the most important spawning areas for amphibians in the district of Heilbronn. When the Breitenauer See was created, much accommodation was made for nature: parts of the lake are closed to human use, shallows were created for fish to spawn, and over 100,000 trees, bushes, and shrubs were planted to provide an environment for the approximately 140 local bird species, some of which are rare.</p><br>
<p>Khlong Saen Saep  is a canal &#39; in central Thailand, connecting the Chao Phraya River to Prachinburi Province and Chachoengsao. A portion of the canal is used for public transport by an express boat service in Bangkok. The canal is connected to more than 100 sub-canals, though most of the other canals do not have a regular transport service.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Saen Saep Canal was built on the order of King Rama III during a conflict between Siam and Annam over Cambodia in order to establish water transport for soldiers and weapons. Construction began in 1837 and was finished in three years. Klong Saen Saep was once filled with lotus plants. King Mongkut in his fourth reign (1851-1868) built Sa Pathum Palace (Lotus Pond Palace) in Siam District. The name of the palace and present-day Pathum Wan District are derived from it.</p><br>
<p>The Saen Saep starts from Maha Nak Canal (Khlong Maha Nak) (คลองมหานาค) around Mahakan Fort (ป้อมมหากาฬ) in Bangkok. In Chachoengsao Province it ends in the Bang Pakong River.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental</h2><br>
<p>The Saen Saep Canal is one of Bangkok&#39;s major drainage arteries. It is also heavily polluted. Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha initiated a two-year effort to clean up the canal in 2017-2018. A survey by the Pollution Control Department (PCD) concluded that there are 631 potential sources of pollution along the canal, including 62 hospitals, 107 restaurants, 14 markets, 66 hotels, 144 condominiums, 81 department stores, and 157 homes. Between October 2015 and January 2017, the department inspected 210 of the 631 potential polluters and found that 40 percent of hotels, 23 percent of hospitals, 20 percent of department stores, and 50 percent of condominiums discharged waste water into the canal in contravention of existing laws. To clean up the canal Natural Resources and Environment Minister General Surasak Kanjanarat proposes charging waste water treatment fees to households and tourists. "If we do nothing, all rivers and canals in the next 20 years will be completely ruined. And if you are not ready to pay now, you might have to pay more in the future.", he said. The PCD study that the charge should be 0.43 baht per cubic metre. This would bring in 5.3 billion baht per year. Plans have been made to charge each tourist 50 baht for waste water treatment which will bring in an additional 1.5 billion baht of revenue each year, assuming 29.9 million tourists, the number who visited in 2016. The PCD intends to study wastewater treatment in an additional 21 districts with sub-canals linked to the Saen Saep Canal.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>An express boat service operates on the Saen Saep between Pom Prap Sattru Phai District and Bang Kapi District Districts, providing ferry service in traffic-congested central Bangkok. The service has a checkered reputation, due to the polluted water in the khlong and the slapdash nature of the service. The northern line ends at Golden Mount, and the southern line ends at NIDA. Boats go past Watthana and Huai Khwang Districts, running parallel to Petchaburi Road.</p><br>
<p>Chalandritsa  is a town and a community in Achaea, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Erymanthos, of which it is the seat of administration.</p><br>
<p>Chalandritsa is situated in hills north of the river Peiros, 17 km south of Patras. The community consists of the settlements Chalandritsa, Mastoraiika-Stamaiika and Kydonies. From 1835 until 1912, and again from 1998 until 2011 it was a municipal district and the seat of the municipality of Farres. Chalandritsa is at the edge of a seismic fault, which caused a minor earthquake in February 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to Pouqueville the name "Chalandritsa" stems from "Χαλασμένη Τριταία" ("broken Tritaia"), referring to bad climate. Triantafyllou suggests that it comes either from the nearby town Chalampreza that was abandoned in the early 19th century, or from the Byzantine word Chalandra. Other names for the town are: Kalampreza, Chalantritza and Chalaoyritza. The historian Stefanos Thomopoulos wrote that it was named thus because during Byzantine rule the notorious bandit Andritsos was killed here ("Χάλασμα του Ανδρίτσου"="breaking of Andritsos").</p><br>
<p>Chalandritsa has been populated since the Paleolithic era. Near the locality Stavros, during excavations for the health centre, remains of a prehistoric settlement have been found. The houses were located around the edge of the hill and it is assumed that there was a public building or temple at the center. A Mycenaean cemetery has been found nearby. The name of the settlement is unknown. Pottery and stone tools dating to the 11th century BC have been found.</p><br>
<p>During the Frankish rule (13th-14th century) Chalandritsa was initially part of the Barony of Patras, from which it was separated as the Barony of Chalandritsa. The barony was ruled by the French Dramelay (or Trémolay) family and later the Genoese Zaccaria family. The French name, as preserved in the Chronicle of Morea, was Calandrice. Chalandritsa was the last barony remaining in Frankish hands, and its fall to the Despotate of the Morea in 1429 also signalled the end of the Principality of Achaea. After that, it followed the fate of the rest of Achaea. During the Greek War of Independence, on 26 February 1822, the town was ransacked and burned 2,000 Turks. In July 1943, during World War II, the occupying Italian army fired on Chalandritsa in retaliation for a partisan attack. During the Greek Civil War, in 1948, Chalandritsa was the scene of fierce fighting between government and rebel forces.</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>The Folk Art and local Ηistory Museum.</p><br>
<p>the Mycenaean settlement and the Mycenaean cemetery in Agios Vasileios</p><br>
<p>the Frankish tower</p><br>
<p>the Museum of folk art and local history</p><br>
<p>the Byzantine churches of St. Athanasius and the Dormition of the Virgin</p><br>
<p>watermills and springs</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>The local amateur football club is the Doxa Chalandritsa.</p><br>
<p>Kleitoria  is a village and a municipal unit in Achaea, Peloponnese, Greece. It was also the new name of the former municipality Lefkasio, of which it was the seat, between 2008 and 2011. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kalavryta, and became a municipal unit of this municipality. The municipal unit has an area of 253.221 km. The ancient city of Kleitor is nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Kleitoria is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos</p><br>
<p>Ano Kleitoria</p><br>
<p>Armpounas (Armpounas, Kalamaki)</p><br>
<p>Drymos (Drymos, Kato Drymos)</p><br>
<p>Filia (Filia, Agioi Theodoroi, Kalyvia, Zevgolatio)</p><br>
<p>Glastra (Agios Vlasios, Glastra)</p><br>
<p>Kastelli</p><br>
<p>Kastria</p><br>
<p>Kleitor</p><br>
<p>Kleitoria (Kleitoria, Valtos, Elatofyto, Zarelia, Kallithea)</p><br>
<p>Krinofyta</p><br>
<p>Lefkasio</p><br>
<p>Lykouria (Lykouria, Kerasia, Spilia)</p><br>
<p>Pankrati (Pankrati, Pankrataiika Kalyvia, Sella, Steno)</p><br>
<p>Planitero</p><br>
<p>Tourlada</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Marven Gardens is a housing area in Margate City, Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States, located two miles  south of Atlantic City.</p><br>
<p>The name Marven Gardens is said to be derived from Margate City and Ventnor City, because it lies on the border of Margate City and Ventnor City. Marven Gardens is surrounded by Ventnor Avenue, Winchester Avenue, Fredericksburg Avenue and Brunswick Avenue. The streets within it are Circle Drive, East Drive and West Drive. Most of the homes were built in the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>For many years, houses in the neighborhood fell into disrepair. During the housing boom of the 2000s, many houses changed ownership and have been returned to their former beauty. Some of the homes have been raised to flood heights as well. In the past ten years, a group of residents used grant money from the City of Margate to restore the numerous landscaped islands throughout the development by planting hundreds of rose bushes, junipers and hydrangeas. Marven Gardens is one of the most expensive areas in Margate. It has some of the highest price per square foot rates in New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>Monopoly</h2><br>
<p>Marven Gardens is famous as a yellow property on the original version of the Monopoly game board, although the game misspelled the name as Marvin Gardens. The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd, who taught the game to Charles Darrow, its eventual patentee. His homemade Monopoly board was copied by Parker Brothers. In 1995 Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling. It is the only property on the board that is not located within Atlantic City.</p><br>
<p>The Theme Building is an iconic Space Age structure at the Los Angeles International Airport. Influenced by "Populuxe" architecture, it is an example of the Mid-century modern design movement later to become known as "Googie".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The distinctive white building resembles a flying saucer that has landed on its four legs. The initial design was created by James Langenheim, of Pereira & Luckman, subsequently taken to fruition by a team of architects and engineers headed by William Pereira and Charles Luckman, that also included Paul Williams and Welton Becket.</p><br>
<p>The appearance of the building&#39;s signature crossed arches as homogeneous structures is a design illusion, created by topping four steel-reinforced concrete legs extending approximately 15 feet above the ground with hollow stucco-covered steel trusses. To counteract earthquake movements, the Theme Building was retrofitted in 2010 with a tuned mass damper without changing its outward appearance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original design for the airport created by Pereira & Luckman in 1959 had all the terminal buildings and parking structures connected to a huge glass dome, which would serve as a central hub for traffic circulation. The plan was eventually scaled down considerably, and the terminals were constructed elsewhere on the property. The Theme Building was subsequently built to mark the spot intended for the dome structure, as a reminder of the original plan. Initially, the restaurant on top rotated slowly, giving the visitors a 360-degree dining experience. However, it was later made stationary.</p><br>
<p>The structure was dedicated on June 25, 1961, by the then US Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson. The Los Angeles City Council designated the building, which lies within the Westchester neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles, a historic-cultural monument (no. 570) in 1993.</p><br>
<p>A $4 million renovation, with retro-futuristic interior and electric lighting designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, was completed before the Encounter Restaurant opened there in 1997. Visitors are able to take an elevator up to the Observation Level to get a 360-degree view of arriving and departing planes.</p><br>
<p>After the September 11 attacks, the Observation Level was closed for security reasons. Following a $12.3 million restoration of the building completed in 2010, the observation level re-opened to the public on Saturdays and Sundays starting July 10.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, on September 9, 2003, a permanent memorial honoring those who perished in the attacks of September 11 was opened on the grounds of the Theme Building.</p><br>
<p>The Encounter Restaurant closed for business in December 2013 with no future plans to reopen, although the building&#39;s observation level is still open on weekends.</p><br>
<p>Previously, the restaurant was closed in March 2007 for repairs after a half-ton piece of the stucco skin on the upper arches crashed onto the roof of the restaurant, and reopened on November 12, 2007. Delaware North Companies Travel Hospitality Services operated the restaurant. The restaurant being in a non-secure area of the airport, where travelers are reluctant to spend time when a possibly lengthy security checkpoint lay ahead, or leave after being screened and have to go through security again upon returning, was cited as a reason for closing.</p><br>
<p>Music Hall, commonly known as Cincinnati Music Hall, is a classical music performance hall in Cincinnati, Ohio, completed in 1878. It serves as the home for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Opera, May Festival Chorus, and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra. In January 1975, it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark by the USA Department of the Interior. The building was designed with a dual purpose – to house musical activities in its central auditorium and industrial exhibitions in its side wings. It is located at 1241 Elm Street, across from the historic Washington Park in Over-the-Rhine, minutes from the center of the downtown area. Music Hall was built over a pauper&#39;s cemetery, which has helped fuel its reputation as one of the most haunted places in America.</p><br>
<p>In June 2014, Music Hall was included on the National Trust for Historic Preservations annual list of Americas 11 most endangered historic places.</p><br>
<h2>Venues</h2><br>
<p>Springer Auditorium is the main auditorium, named in honor of founding patron Reuben Springer. It has 3,516 seats (a 112-seat orchestra pit, 1,567 in the orchestra level, 953 in the balcony and 847 in the gallery plus 40 in 10 boxes) and ranks acoustically as one of the finest performance venues in the world. It serves as home for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, the Cincinnati Opera and the May Festival Chorus. It is one of the largest permanent concert halls in the U.S, fourth only to the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, Auditorium Theatre in Chicago, and DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Music Hall Ballroom – accommodating up to 1,300 people, is the second largest meeting space in the city, encompassing nearly 20,000 ft&sup2;. It is frequently used for large receptions, exhibitions, fashion shows, class reunions and breakfast, lunch and dinner gatherings. In October 1998, a $1.8 million renovation of the Ballroom was completed. In July 2007, organ rebuilder Ronald F. Wehmeier of Cincinnati announced the Mighty Wurlitzer theater organ that once graced the old Albee Theater in Cincinnati would be restored and installed in Music Halls Ballroom for a New Years Eve 2009 debut.</p><br>
<p>Corbett Tower – the setting for a wide variety of events, ranging from weddings and receptions to grand dinners and parties. It has seating for up to 300 and includes a stage, controlled sound and light systems, dance floor, kitchen, and bar facilities. Corbett Tower is located on the third floor near the front of the building.</p><br>
<p>Critic&#39;s Club – A dining room that seats 50, located in the basement level of the north exposition wing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>On September 13, 1818, the City of Cincinnati purchased from Jesse Embree for $3,200 a plot of land on the west side of Elm Street, just north of 12th Street. On January 22, 1821, the Ohio State Legislature passed an act that established "a Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum for the state of Ohio." Thus, Ohio&#39;s first insane asylum was erected in Cincinnati on 4 acre of land bounded by the Miami and Erie Canal. The Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio was the parent institution for the Orphan Asylum, the City Infirmary, the Cincinnati Hospital, and Longview Asylum. which is now 12th and Central Parkway.</p><br>
<p>Around 1832, a cholera outbreak in Cincinnati killed 832 people and resulted in a large number of orphans. To house the orphans, the city constructed the "Cincinnati Orphan Asylum" near the corner of 12th and Elm Streets. It was once believed that instead of coffins, the deceased were merely bundled-up and dropped into the ground, further research, however, has evidenced that they were at one time buried in coffins, however the poor quality wood used quickly decayed leaving little trace of these coffins today. At the time, this land was still considered the outskirts of the city.</p><br>
<p>For the next 20 years, the land was used as a "pauper&#39;s cemetery" until 1857 when city encroachment on the neighborhood made it unsuitable for such uses. Serious complaints from abutting property owners forced the "Pest House" to be relocated outside of the city limits. On January 29, 1859, the city converted the property into a park known as Elm Street Park and the land and buildings were used for exposition purposes until 1876 when it was turned over to the Music Hall Association. Music Hall would be built on the original location of the "Pest House" which earlier served as the Orphan Asylum. Since the graves were not marked, Music Hall was simply built over them.</p><br>
<p>While digging a new elevator shaft in 1988, human bones were exhumed. On the first day workers discovered 88 pounds of bones, and on the following day 119 pounds of bones. There were a total of 19 skulls, at least 60 femurs, and while most of the remains were of adults there were also children.</p><br>
<h3>Choir festivals and expositions</h3><br>
<p>Cincinnati&#39;s first industrial exposition, which was in 1869, was a great success so the city wanted to expand it the following year. At the same time, German musicians had plans to erect "a great temporary building opposite Washington Park" for the North American Saengerbund, which Cincinnati was to host during the summer of 1870. The two competing groups reached an agreement to construct a building that would be shared. Depending on its use, the building was sometimes called Exposition Hall or Saengerfest Hall.</p><br>
<h4>Exposition Hall</h4><br>
<p>Exposition Hall was a huge wooden structure measuring 250 ft long, 100 ft wide, and 80 ft tall. a wealthy Cincinnatian of German ancestry, who afterwards decided Cincinnati needed a more permanent structure.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Springer, influenced by the beneficial results the industrial expositions and musical festivals had on the city, wrote a letter in May 1875 to John Shillito, owner of Shillito&#39;s department store, offering to donate $125,000 under two conditions. First, that the site be free from taxation, and second, that a further sum of $125,000 be raised by the community. When only $106,000 was raised Springer donated an additional $20,000. From the outset, the musical and industrial interests collided, so Springer offered an additional $50,000 if $100,000 could be raised. This additional sum of money would be used for the construction of buildings around the hall for the purpose of holding industrial expositions. The total cost of Music Hall was $300,962.78 with the exposition wings an additional $146,331.51.</p><br>
<p>During excavation for Music Hall&#39;s foundation there was a lack of police presence as bones were exhumed. Journalist Lafcadio Hearn complained, "The crowds gather thickly about the excavation, and watch each new discovery with ghoulish interest. Bone after bone as soon as thrown out is turned over with a scientific application of kicks; ragamuffins brandish femora with disgusting exultation; dirty fingers are poked into empty eye sockets; jaw-bones are experimentally hammered with heavy canes; ribs crack in pitiful remonstrance to reckless feet; and tobacco juice is carelessly squirted among the decaying skulls.... When driven away from one spot they return to another; and by night there come medical students to steal the poor skulls."</p><br>
<p>According to Hearn, the bones were not treated respectfully by the workers either. He noted, "bones were simply packed into a barrel and stowed away in a convenient part of the building.... Skulls and thigh bones and vertebrae had been hopelessly jumbled up in that barrel, so that no one save a most expert articulator could have sorted them out properly." The excavated remains were transferred to Spring Grove Cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Completion</h3><br>
<p>The first performance took place on May 14, 1878. An estimated 6,000 saw the opera "Alceste" by Christoph Willibald Gluck performed, as well as Beethoven&#39;s "Eroica" symphony. Music Hall also hosted the 1880 Democratic National Convention. The Cincinnati Riots of 1884, one of the most destructive riots in American history, began at a protest meeting at Music Hall. The protest escalated and 10,000 Cincinnatians marched on the courthouse, outraged over what they believed was a lax and corrupt legal system. A total of 56 people died in the violence.</p><br>
<h2>Paranormal</h2><br>
<p>Various employees of Music Hall have described experiencing strange events in the facility, while others say theyve never experienced anything at all. In the 2005 documentary Music Hall: Cincinnati Finds Its Voice, Patricia K. Beggs, the CEO of the Cincinnati Opera, acknowledged, "Ghosts? Um, yes. Indeed, there are Music Hall ghosts." Erich Kunzel, late conductor for the Cincinnati Pops, once stated, "Sometimes when I was arranging, getting things together, Ive worked here all night long. So Ive met these people. Theyre not in the offices, but when you go out into the house theyre there, theyre upstairs.... If you think Im crazy just come here sometime at three oclock in the morning. They&#39;re very friendly."</p><br>
<p>Ghosts were first reported before Music Hall was built, after the ground was first excavated for an Exposition Hall elevator. An 1876 newspaper reported, "It does not appear that the ghosts troubled anybody until after a large number of the yellow bones for which they hold a certain spectral affection, had been dug up in making way for the erection of an elevator in Exposition Hall.... From that hour shadowy people wandered restlessly through the creaking halls by night, hiding in dark corners, stealing behind pillars, and creating queer crepitating noises under the dim roof. The night watchman in charge of the building was greatly annoyed by these mysterious sounds. Whithersoever he went within the edifice by night, the sound of stealthy footsteps followed him; when he stopped they ceased, when he moved again they also followed,&mdash;timid feet, invisible, intangible, tireless; and the loose plank that uttered a hollow groan under the watchman&#39;s foot, never failed to respond with a gentler moan to the ghostly tread behind. There were strange knockings, too, at all hours of the night—knockings seemingly for admission. But when the door was unbarred and opened, none stood without in the night shadow, nor did the snow in the winter midnights show the print of feet. Sometimes sounds of mocking laughter broke the silence; sometimes strange whispers, faint and thin as whispers falling on the drowsy ears of dying men in the sick rooms; sometimes loud echoes, as of heavy bodies falling in the darkness from the roof to the hollow flooring above the ancient place of graves. Yet no one who ran, lantern in hand, to the place of these inexplicable sounds ever discovered their origin. Dogs brought into the building whined to be let out, and followed their masters with ever sign of abject terror&mdash;eye balls wildly protruding, and ears laid back."</p><br>
<p>The 1876 article described another alleged incident, "One morning, a certain exhibitor beheld a lady standing before his booth—a lady so strange of aspect that he involuntarily regarded her with peculiar curiosity. She seemed tall and fair and young, clad in a pale dress of fashion long-forgotten, and wearing her hair flowing loose, uncovered by hat or bonnet. He approached the white figure, prompted by a desire to catch a glimpse of the features bent over the case, but ready to mask this purpose by politely placing his knowledge of the wares at the stranger&#39;s service. But as he stepped forward, the figure became diaphanous, faint, serial, finally invisible, and a chill as of December winds passed over him."</p><br>
<p>On Presidents Day 2003, a box office worker who was alone at Music Hall described several unusual events. He was isolated in the box office, and could not see into the lobby but heard strange noises all day. He heard music stands in the lobby falling over, but found the stands still upright when he checked. A button to alert him that a customer was at his window rang several times, but no one was there. (It had snowed the night before but there were no footprints in the snow outside the window.) A while later, he heard what sounded like the crystal chandelier in the lobby crashing to the floor and shattering. When he investigated the chandelier was still hanging from the ceiling and all seemed well. He heard the sound of the glass doors in the lobby, which lead to the staircases, opening and closing all day long, but he was the only person in the building. Finally, when he could not put it off any longer, he walked down to the restroom near the Critics Club. As he neared, he heard "what sounded like, a party going on inside the Critics Club. Glasses tinkling, muffled voices, laughter and what sounded like a string quartet, except the Critics Club was locked and the lights were out. I rattled the door and the sound stopped."</p><br>
<p>Another box office worker also reported hearing his call button, but seeing no one there. Afterward, he felt a tug on his clothing and turned around to see an apparition of a boy in nineteenth century clothing. Kitty Love, who worked at Music Hall for 21 years acknowledged, "I hear them when I&#39;m on duty alone at night. Footsteps, doors slamming, and music playing, and I know I was the only one in the building."</p><br>
<p>Other alleged sightings include ghosts in vintage clothing in the ballroom late at night, an extra, unknown "cast member" appearing during an operatic production, unusual looking figures appearing among the audience, the untraceable sound of a music box playing near an elevator, and a small boy asking about a man in the audience of Springer Auditorium when only himself and his father were present.</p><br>
<p>Neither Marie Gallagher, who worked at Music Hall for 25 years, nor Ed Vignale, facilities engineer, have experienced anything unusual at Music Hall. Viganle noted that some strange sounds could be attributed to Music Hall&#39;s acoustical ability to project sounds.</p><br>
<p>Music Hall was selected as one of The Travel Channel&#39;s Most Terrifying Places in America.</p><br>
<p>Angletarn Pikes is a fell in the English Lake District near the village of Patterdale. Its most notable feature is the summit tarn from which it derives its name.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Angletarn Pikes stands on the western arm of the long horseshoe ridge which surrounds the Martindale catchment, a system of valleys draining north into Ullswater. The adjacent fells on this ridge are Place Fell to the north and Brock Crags to the south. Beda Fell, a subsidiary ridge, also juts out into Martindale from Angletarn Pikes. This separates the heads of Boredale and Bannerdale.</p><br>
<p>The western side above Goldrill Beck is steep and includes the faces of Dubhow and Fall Crags. The long eastern flank above Bannerdale is also pock-marked with crags, Heck Crag being the principal feature. The narrow north eastern slopes above Boredale, although steep, are less rocky and are cut by the upper ravine of Freeze Beck.</p><br>
<p>North from the summit a long ridge drops over Stony Rigg (1,640 ft) to the walkers’ crossroads of Boredale Hause. From here paths run down to Hartsop, Patterdale and Boredale, while a further bridleway cuts across Beda Fell to Bannerdale. Boredale Hause carries the tiny ruin of a building named ‘Chapel in the Hause’ on OS maps. A mountain pass at 1,300 ft seems a curious place to construct a church. From the Hause a good path carries on northwards up Steel Edge to Place Fell.</p><br>
<p>The north-east ridge to Beda Fell is also well defined, a fair path traversing a series of rocky knolls before the final rise to the summit, named Beda Head.</p><br>
<p>Southward from Angletarn Pikes is Angle Tarn itself. This indented waterbody is about a quarter of a mile long with an island in the middle and forms a picturesque foreground for views of the Pikes. The tarn sits in a hollow on the centre of the ridge, issuing westwards through a break in the parapet via the ravine of Angletarn Beck. The ridge proper runs to the east of the tarn above the Bannerdale face, rising again to the unnamed 1,870 ft top above Satura Crag. This overtops the summit of Brock Crags, but was made subservient to it by Wainwright in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Summit and View</h2><br>
<p>Angletarn Pikes takes its plural from the two rocky towers at the summit, separated by perhaps 200 yards of peaty bog. The northern top is the true summit, the other being some six feet lower. The southern top is compensated by a clear view of Angle Tarn, described by Wainwright as among the best of Lakeland tarns. The wider view stretches from the Helvellyn range to the spine of the Far Eastern Fells across Martindale.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The fell can be climbed via Boredale Hause, making Patterdale, Bridgend, Hartsop and Boredale Head all possible starting points. An alternative is to climb from Martindale Old Church, ascending via the Beda Fell ridge or Angle Tarn. The route from Patterdale is often undertaken as the first section of the ascent of High Street.</p><br>
<p>Gaustatoppen is the highest mountain in the county Telemark in Norway who lies in the municipality Tinn and Hjartdal. The view from the summit is impressive, as one can see an area of approximately 60,000 km², one sixth of Norways mainland. The mountain is popular for downhill skiing in winter, and competitions have been held on its slopes. These competitions include the "Norseman triathlon", billed as "the worlds most brutal iron-distance triathlon". It starts in Eidfjord and finishes at the top of Gaustatoppen. The summit is accessible on foot in the summer, on a rocky pathway of medium difficulty, although the southern side of the mountain is very dangerous and inaccessible. The wreckage of an airplane crash lies there, as it is too difficult to remove it.</p><br>
<h2>The name</h2><br>
<p>The first element is Gausta, the name of the whole mountain, the last element is the finite form of topp m top, summit. The name Gausta is probably a shortened form for *Gaustafjell (Gausta mountain), because Gausta originally was the name of a farm beneath the mountain. (For the same development see Dovre.) The Old Norse form of the name was maybe *Gautstǫð, the name is then a compound of gaut f flooded place, and stǫð f stead, landing place for boat. (The farm lies at Rjukan river.)</p><br>
<h2>Railway</h2><br>
<p>There is a funicular railway inside the mountain, built for military purposes. This ascends from the base of the mountain almost to the summit. A short railway takes the passengers from the mountain base horizontally to the lower station deep inside the mountain. It was built to access the military radio relay station built at and inside the mountain top.The installation is now a tourist attraction. It was financed mainly by american military grants, and cost one million US dollars to build from 1954 to 1959.</p><br>
<p>The Broye  is a 68 km long river, in the cantons of Fribourg and Vaud, in Switzerland. It has a watershed area of 850 km².</p><br>
<h2>Presentation</h2><br>
<p>Its source is located in Semsales, in the Swiss Prealps, south-west of Bulle. It flows first south-west along the Prealps and turns north after 10 km. The direction of the river changes again near Moudon to the north-east. From Payerne, the Broye is running in a large and agricultural valley. The river flows into Lake Morat first, and then into Lake Neuchâtel through the Broye canal (French: Canal de la Broye)</p><br>
<h3>List of Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>The Petite Glâne</p><br>
<p>The Bressonne</p><br>
<p>The Lembe</p><br>
<p>The Arbogne</p><br>
<h3>Course</h3><br>
<p>Semsales</p><br>
<p>Oron</p><br>
<p>Moudon</p><br>
<p>Lucens</p><br>
<p>Payerne</p><br>
<p>Salavaux</p><br>
<p>Lake Morat</p><br>
<p>Sugiez</p><br>
<p>La Sauge</p><br>
<p>Lake Neuchatel</p><br>
<p>Sellasia  is a village in Laconia, Greece. It was the seat of the former municipality Oinountas. Since 2011, it is part of the municipality of Sparta. Sellasia is situated on the edge of the Eurotas valley, 10 km north of Sparta. The Greek National Road 39  passes east of the village. Sellasia is known for the cultivation of olives.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sellasia was named after the ancient town Sellasia, which controlled the entrance to Sparta from the north. It was the site of the 222 BC Battle of Sellasia between the Spartans under Cleomenes III and the Macedonian/Achaean coalition under Antigonus III Doson. Afterwards, Sellasia was destroyed and the population was sold as slaves.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Sellasia is the birthplace of Pavlos and Thanasis Giannakopoulos, owners of pharmaceutical company Vianex and former owners of Panathinaikos A.O. sports club. It is the place of origin of the tennis player Pete Sampras.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Fa Hien Cave, also Pahiyangala Cave is situated in the district of Kalutara, Western Province, Sri Lanka and according to a rural legend, named after an alleged resident during historical times, namely Buddhist monk Faxian . However, there is no archaeological or historical evidence to support this legend. Nonetheless, the site is of archaeological significance as Late Pleistocene human fossilized skeletal remains were discovered in the cave&#39;s sediments during excavations in the 1960s, the 1980s and in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistoric human remains</h2><br>
<p>In 1968 human burials sites were uncovered inside the cave by Siran Upendra Deraniyagala of the Sri Lankan Government Department of Archaeology, who undertook a second excavation campaign with assistant W. H. Wijepala in 1988. The finds mainly consisted of microlith stone tools, remnants of prehistoric fire places and organic material, such as floral and human remains. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the cave had been occupied from about 33,000 years ago, the Late Pleistocene and Mesolithic to 4,750 years ago, the Neolithic in the Middle Holocene. Human remains of the several sediment deposits were analyzed at Cornell University and studied by Kenneth A. R. Kennedy and graduate student Joanne L. Zahorsky.</p><br>
<p>The oldest fragments of human bone fossils are attributed to three children, a juvenile and two adults that show evidence of secondary burials. The bodies had been exposed to decomposition and scavengers and the bones were subsequently placed in graves. Additional fossil remains include those of another young child, dated to about 6,850 years BP and of a young woman (nicknamed Kalu-Menika by archaeologists), dated to about 5,400 years BP. Both individuals were also recovered from secondary burials.</p><br>
<p>The discoveries allowed archaeological and paleontological comparative studies as the earliest occupants of Fa Hien, or Pahiyangala Cave lived during the same period as European Cro-Magnon man and other Late Pleistocene hominids in the Eastern Hemisphere. Studies of teeth found in the cave indicate that the prehistoric population of Sri Lanka processed food by grinding nuts, seeds and grains in stone querns and that they continued to maintain a hunter-gatherer lifestyle until about the 8th century BCE. Sri Lanka has yielded the earliest known microliths, which didn&#39;t appear in Europe until the Early Holocene.</p><br>
<p>Other important Sri Lankan prehistoric sites at which human remains have been found include two other caves – Batadombalena (about 28,500 years old) and Belilena Kitulgala (about 12,000 years old) – and an open-air site, Bellanbandi Palassa (about 6,000 years old).</p><br>
<p>The Rio Grande Gorge Bridge, locally known as the "Gorge Bridge" and the "High Bridge", is a steel deck arch bridge across the Rio Grande Gorge 10 mi northwest of Taos, New Mexico, United States. At 565 ft above the Rio Grande, it is the seventh highest bridge in the United States and 82nd highest bridge in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was started in 1963 and completed in 1965. It was dedicated on September 10, 1965 and is a part of USA Route 64, a major east–west road. The span is 1,280 ft: two 300 ft approach spans with a 600 ft main center span.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>In 1966 the American Institute of Steel Construction awarded the bridge "Most Beautiful Steel Bridge" in the "Long Span" category.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>A $2.4 million "facelift" to the bridge was completed in September 2012. This year-long project included repair and restoration work to the 50-year-old bridge including structural steelwork, a new concrete deck surface, new sidewalks, ramps, curbs, and gutters.</p><br>
<h2>Suicide problem</h2><br>
<p>The bridge has been the site of numerous suicides. Authorities are studying ways to deter suicides, including the construction of suicide barriers, such as higher fencing, netting, or more security, but cite money as a major reason no steps have been taken.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The bridge has appeared in several films, including Natural Born Killers, Twins, White Sands, She&#39;s Having a Baby, The Signal, Paul, Wild Hogs, and Terminator Salvation.</p><br>
<p>The Buskett Gardens  forming one of the few woodland areas in Malta, are located in the fertile valley of Wied il-Luq in Siġġiewi. The 30 ha site lies to the west of Siġġiewi  and just east of Dingli. The Verdala Palace, an official residence of the President of Malta, stands on the edge of the Gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The gardens know their origins at least since the post-Roman Republic period and in which sexual celebrations in honor of their gods were traditional. When Eastern Christianity took root in Malta, this pagan feast was replaced by the Christian celebrations of St. Peter and St. Paul.</p><br>
<p>Indigenous forests once covered Malta, but trees were cut down for shipbuilding in the era when galleons plied the Mediterranean waters and for agricultural purposes. Buskett Gardens were planted by the Knights Hospitaller as a hunting reserve.</p><br>
<p>In June 1557, Grand Master Claude de la Sengle retreated to Buskett when his health began to deteriorate, and died at Mdina two months later.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The gardens contain broadleaved deciduous woodland, native coniferous woodland, with sclerophyllous garrigue and maquis shrubland, as well as groves of fruit trees. Many different trees and shrubs grow in the gardens, including numerous fruit-bearing trees. One of the greenest areas in Malta, the gardens are at their best in the spring but also provide shade from the harsh mid-summer sun and offer a quiet place for a walk in the winter months.</p><br>
<p>The gardens are very popular with the Maltese people, who often go for walks in the peaceful settings or enjoy a picnic in the shade of the trees. The gardens serve as a venue for the Feast of Imnarja which is celebrated on 29 June. Hundreds of people flock there the previous evening, to eat the traditional Maltese dish of rabbit stew cooked in wine, to listen to traditional folk music and singing, and to enjoy the annual agricultural show in the morning.</p><br>
<h2>Verdala Palace</h2><br>
<p>The Verdala Palace is perched on a hilltop adjoining and overlooking Buskett Gardens. It was built by Grand Master Hughes de Verdalle in 1588 as a summer residence. Following restoration, this elegant building now serves as the President&#39;s summer residence. The palace is not open to the public, but it does offer a notable landmark visible clearly from Dingli Cliffs, towering as it does over the Buskett woodland.</p><br>
<h2>Important Bird Area</h2><br>
<p>The gardens have been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support large numbers of birds, especially as a sanctuary to those on seasonal migration through the Maltese Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>The Pieniny  is a mountain range in the south of Poland and the north of Slovakia.</p><br>
<p>The Pieniny mountain range is divided into three parts &ndash; Pieniny Spiskie (Spišské Pieniny) and Pieniny Właściwe (Slovak: Centrálne Pieniny) in Poland; and, Małe Pieniny (Lesser or Little Pieniny; Malé Pieniny) in Poland and Slovakia. The Pieniny mountains consist mainly of the limestone and dolomite rock strata. The most famous peak, Trzy Korony (Three Crowns), is 982 metres high. It is also the summit of the Three Crowns Massif. Pieniny’s highest peak &ndash; Wysoka (Polish); Vysoké Skalky (Slovak) &ndash; reaches 1,050 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Pieniny mountains formed at the bottom of the sea in several geological epochs. They were folded and raised in Upper Cretaceous. At the beginning of the Paleogene geologic period a second wave of tectonic movements took place causing a further shift. The third wave of movements during the Paleogene and Neogene resulted in a more complex tectonic structure. At the same time erosion resulted in stripping of the outer mantle rocks and further modeling of terrain. Peaks were built from weather resistant Jurassic rocks, mainly limestone. Valleys and passes were created from softer and more susceptible to weathering rocks of Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. Caves are few and rather small. By contrast, rivers and streams are often deeply indented in the rock, creating approximately 15 ravines and gorges. The most famous gorges of the Pieniny mountains are the Dunajec River Gorge in Pieniny National Park and the Homole Ravine (Wąwóz Homole). Hills along the northern border of Pieniny are of volcanic origin.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Sound Dues  were a toll on the use of the Øresund which constituted up to two thirds of Denmark&#39;s state income in the 16th and 17th centuries. The dues were introduced by King Eric of Pomerania in 1429 and remained in effect until the Copenhagen Convention of 1857 .</p><br>
<p>All foreign ships passing through the strait, whether en route to or from Denmark or not, had to stop in Helsingør and pay a toll to the Danish Crown. If a ship refused to stop, cannons in both Helsingør and Helsingborg could open fire and sink it. In 1567, the toll was changed into a 1-2% tax of the cargo value, providing three times more revenue. To keep the captains from understating the value of the cargo on which the tax was computed, the elegant solution was chosen to reserve the right to purchase the cargo at the value stated.</p><br>
<p>In order to avoid ships simply taking a different route, tolls were also collected at the two other Danish straits, the Great Belt and the Little Belt; sometimes non-Danish vessels were forbidden to use any other waterways but the Øresund, and transgressing vessels were confiscated or sunk.</p><br>
<p>The Sound Dues remained the most important source of income for the Danish Crown for several centuries, thus making Danish kings relatively independent of Denmarks Privy Council and aristocracy. However, the dues were an irritant to nations engaged in trade in the Baltic Sea, especially Sweden. Sweden had initially been exempted from the dues at the time of their introduction because it was then in the Kalmar Union along with Denmark. However, after the Kalmar War and the Treaty of Knäred in 1613 Denmark introduced dues on cargoes from Swedens Baltic possessions and on non-Swedish ships carrying Swedish cargo. The friction over the Dues was an official casus belli of the Torstenson War in 1643.</p><br>
<p>In 1658, Denmark had to cede her provinces east of the sound (Scania, Halland, Blekinge, Bohuslän, and the island of Ven) to Sweden as a consequence of the Second Northern War. Thus, the toll could not be enforced as well as before but Denmark retained its established right of the dues. Swedish shipping became exempt from the Sound Dues by the terms of the Treaty of Copenhagen, signed on 27 May 1660. The exemption was rescinded after Sweden&#39;s defeat in the Great Northern War and the Treaty of Frederiksborg of 1720, although the eastern shore of the Sound was now Swedish.</p><br>
<h2>Copenhagen Convention</h2><br>
<p>The Copenhagen Convention, which came into force on 14 March 1857, abolished the dues and all Danish straits were made international waterways free to all military and commercial shipping. It had been increasingly evident that the Sound Dues had a negative impact on the port and merchants of Copenhagen, although the dues delivered by then one eighth of the Danish state income; and the world&#39;s seafaring nations were becoming less and less tolerant of these tolls and restrictions. In compensation for the abolition, the Danish state received a one-time fee of 33.5 million Danish rigsdalers, paid to Denmark by the other European shipping nations who signed the Convention. Of the total fee, Great Britain paid approximately one third, and Russia another third. A similar convention between Denmark and the United States, signed in Washington the same year, gave American ships free passage in perpetuity for a one-time fee of $393,000.</p><br>
<p>Gaberoun  is an oasis with a large lake in the Idehan Ubari desert region of the Libyan Sahara Desert. Administratively it is located Wadi al Hayaa District and Sabha District of the Fezzan region in southwestern Libya.</p><br>
<p>A rudimentary tourist camp is located on the northeastern shore, including an open patio, sleeping huts, and a souvenir shop (attended by a Tuareg in full costume) in the winter. The lake is very salty; swimming can be pleasant despite the salt water crustaceans. Mosquitoes are abundant, especially in the summer. October to May is considered the best time to visit as the climate is milder.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A small tribe inhabited the oasis; the ruins of their settlement are scattered between the palms at the north-western shore of the lake. It is said that one of their sources of subsistence were the worm-like crustaceans they fished from the salty lake. They were moved in the 1980s to a new location outside the sand dunes, in the Wadi Bashir, south of the erg, a settlement of concrete apartments built specifically for the resettlement of this tribe.</p><br>
<p>The old Bedouin settlement by the western shore of the lake has been abandoned, and now lies in ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The oasis is accessible from the Sabha-Ubari road (150km west of Sabha and north in the sand dunes at the settlement of Qasr Larocu), by a 36 km 4WD ride through the dunes of the Ubari sand sea (also called Ramlat al Dauada).</p><br>
<h2>Nearby attractions</h2><br>
<p>Other nearby attractions are the El Mandara oasis (26.68972&deg;N latitude, 13.31260&deg;E longitude), the Un Almaa oasis (26.70973&deg;N latitude, 13.33208&deg;E longitude), Mafo Lake in the same sand erg (Ramlat al Dauada) and the museum in Germa.</p><br>
<p>The Villa Romana del Casale  is a large and elaborate Roman villa or palace located about 3 km from the town of Piazza Armerina, Sicily. Excavations have revealed one of the richest, largest and varied collections of Roman mosaics in the world, for which the site has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The villa and artwork contained within date to the early 4th century AD.</p><br>
<p>The over 3000 sq. metres of mosaic and opus sectile pavement are also almost unique in their excellent state of preservation due to the landslide and floods which covered the remains.</p><br>
<p>Although less well-known, an extraordinary collection of frescoes covered not only the interior rooms but also the exterior walls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The visible remains of the villa were constructed in the first quarter of the 4th century AD on the remains of an older villa rustica, which are the pars dominica, or master’s residence, of a large latifundium or agricultural estate.</p><br>
<p>Three successive construction phases have been identified; the first phase involved the quadrangular peristyle and the facing rooms. The private bath complex was then added on a north-west axis. In a third phase the villa took on a public character: the baths were given a new entrance and a large latrine, and a grand monumental entrance was built, off-axis to the peristyle but aligned with the new baths entrance and in a formal arrangement with the elliptical (or ovoid) arcade and the grand tri-apsidal hall. This hall was used for entertainment and relaxation for special guests and replaced the two state halls of the peristyle (the “hall of the small hunt” and the “diaeta of Orpheus”). The basilica was expanded and decorated with beautiful and exotic marbles.</p><br>
<p>The complex remained inhabited for at least 150 years and a village grew around it, named Platia (derived from the word palatium (palace).</p><br>
<p>In the 5th and 6th centuries, the villa was fortified for defensive purposes by thickening the perimeter walls and by closing of the arcades of the aqueduct to the baths. The villa was damaged and perhaps destroyed during the domination of the Vandals and the Visigoths. The outbuildings remained in use, at least in part, during the Byzantine and Arab periods. The settlement was destroyed in 1160-1</p><br>
<p>during the reign of William I. The site was abandoned in the 12th century AD after a landslide covered the villa. Survivors moved to the current location of Piazza Armerina.</p><br>
<p>The villa was almost entirely forgotten, although some of the tallest parts of the remains were always above ground. The area was cultivated for crops. Early in the 19th century, pieces of mosaics and some columns were found. The first official archaeological excavations were carried out later in that century.</p><br>
<p>The first professional excavations were made by Paolo Orsi in 1929, followed by the work of Giuseppe Cultrera in 1935-39. Major excavations took place in the period 1950-60 led by Gino Vinicio Gentili, after which a cover was built over the mosaics. In the 1970s Andrea Carandini carried out excavations at the site and work has continued to the present day by the University of Rome, La Sapienza. In 2004 the large mediaeval settlement of the 10-12th centuries was found. Since then further sumptuous rooms of the villa have also been revealed.</p><br>
<h2>The latifundium and the villa</h2><br>
<p>In late antiquity the Romans partitioned most of the Sicilian hinterland into huge agricultural estates called "latifundia". The villa&#39;s latifundium is cited in the Itinerarium Antonini and is known as the Filosofiana. The villa’s pars rustica, or agricultural section, has been discovered to the west of the entrance area, as shown by a room divided in three parts by pillars for storage of agricultural products.</p><br>
<p>The size of the villa and the amount and quality of its artwork indicate that it was the pars dominica of such a latifundium.</p><br>
<p>The owner&#39;s identity has long been discussed and many different hypotheses have been formulated. The owner was probably a member of senatorial class if not of the imperial family itself, i.e. the absolute upper class of the Roman Empire. The most probable owner is of the Constantinian period, Lucius Aradius Valerius Proculus, governor of Sicily between 327 and 331 and consul in 340. The games he organised in Rome in 320 as praetor were so glorious that their fame lasted for a long time, and perhaps the depictions on some mosaics (the "Great Hunt" in corridor 25 and the "Games of the circus" in the baths) recall this event.</p><br>
<p>The villa was so large as to include multiple reception and state rooms which reflects the need to satisfy a number of different functions and to include spaces for the management of the estate as well as of the villa. This transformed the villa into a city in miniature. The villa would likely have been the permanent or semi-permanent residence of the owner; it would have been where the owner, in his role as patron, received his local clients.</p><br>
<p>The villa was a single-story building, centred on the peristyle, around which almost all the main public and private rooms were organised. The monumental entrance is via the atrium from the west. Thermal baths are located to the northwest; service rooms and probably guest rooms to the north; private apartments and a huge basilica to the east; and rooms of unknown purpose to the south. Somewhat detached, and appearing almost as an afterthought, is the separate area to the south containing the elliptical peristyle, service rooms, and a huge triclinium (formal dining room).</p><br>
<p>The overall plan of the villa was dictated by several factors: older constructions on the site, the slight slope on which it was built, and the path of the sun and prevailing winds. The higher ground to the east is occupied by the Great Basilica, the private apartments, and the Corridor of the Great Hunt; the middle ground by the Peristyle, guest rooms, the entrance area, the Elliptical Peristyle, and the triclinium; while the lower ground to the west is dedicated to the thermal baths.</p><br>
<p>The whole complex is somewhat unusual, as it is organised along three major axes; the primary axis is the (slightly bent) line that passes from the atrium, tablinum, peristyle and the great basilica (coinciding with the path visitors would follow). The thermal baths and the elliptical peristyle with the triclinium are centred on separate axes.</p><br>
<p>Little is known about the earlier villa, but it appears to have been a large country residence probably built around the beginning of the second century.</p><br>
<p>Recent excavations have found a second bath complex close to the storerooms at the entrance dating to the late antique phase and showing rare wall mosaics belonging to a basin or a fountain.</p><br>
<h3>Monumental Entrance</h3><br>
<p>Access to the villa was through a three-arched gateway, decorated with fountains and military paintings, and closely resembling a triumphal arch. This gave onto the horseshoe courtyard surrounded by marble columns with Ionic capitals with a square fountain at the centre. On the west side of the courtyard was a latrine, and also separate access was given to the baths and to the rest of the villa.</p><br>
<h3>The peristyle garden and the southern rooms</h3><br>
<p>The elegant peristyle garden is decorated with a three-basin fountain, in the centre of which decoration featuring fish swimming among the waves can be seen. Rooms 33 and 34 were dedicated to service functions and have mosaics with geometric motifs while room 34 also features a mosaic installed above the original floor showing female athletic competitions giving it the name “the room of the palestriti”.</p><br>
<p>Also on the south side is the so-called diaeta of Orpheus, an apsidal room adorned with a remarkable mosaic featuring Orpheus playing the lyre beneath a tree and taming every kind of animal with his music.</p><br>
<p>This room was probably used as a summer dining room or, considering its floor subject, for the enjoyment of music.</p><br>
<h3>The Basilica</h3><br>
<p>This grand apsidal hall was an audience hall and the most formal room in the villa, accessed through a grand monumental entrance divided by two columns of pink Egyptian granite. An exceptionally elaborate polychrome opus sectile floor consisting of marbles coming from all over the Mediterranean lies at the entrance and is the richest decoration in the villa; it also covered the walls. This type of marble, rather than mosaic, constituted the material of greatest prestige in the Roman world.</p><br>
<p>The excavations showed that the apse vault was decorated with glass mosaics.</p><br>
<h3>Triclinium and elliptical peristyle</h3><br>
<p>On the south side of the villa is an elliptical peristyle, the Xystus, with a semi-circular</p><br>
<p>nymphaeum on the west side. In the open courtyard were fountains spurting from the mosaic pavement.</p><br>
<p>The Xystus forms a spectacular introduction to the luxurious tri-apsidal triclinium, the great hall that opens to the east. This contains a magnificent set of mosaics dominated in the centre by the enemies encountered by Hercules during his twelve labours. In the north apse is his apotheosis crowned by Jupiter, while to the east are the Giants with serpentine limbs and in their death throes, having been struck by Hercules’ arrows. In the south apse is the myth of Lycurgus who tried to kill the nymph Ambrosia, but was encircled by grapevines and attacked by a crowd of Maenads.</p><br>
<h2>Mosaics</h2><br>
<h3>Bikini girls</h3><br>
<p>In 1959-60, Gentili excavated a mosaic on the floor of the room dubbed the "Chamber of the Ten Maidens" (Sala delle Dieci Ragazze in Italian). Informally called "the bikini girls", the maidens appear in a mosaic artwork which scholars named Coronation of the Winner. The young women perform sports including weight-lifting, discus throwing, running and ball-games. A girl in a toga offers a crown and victor&#39;s palm frond to "the winner".</p><br>
<h3>The Little Hunt</h3><br>
<p>Another well-preserved mosaic shows a hunt, with hunters using dogs and capturing a variety of game.</p><br>
<p>Laacher See or Lake Laach  is a volcanic caldera lake with a diameter of 2 km in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, about 24 km northwest of Koblenz and 37 km south of Bonn, and is closest to the town of Andernach situated 8 km to the east on the river Rhine. It is in the Eifel mountain range, and is part of the East Eifel volcanic field within the larger Vulkaneifel. The lake was formed by a Plinian eruption approximately 12,900 years ago with a Volcanic Explosivity Index  of 6, on the same scale as the Pinatubo eruption of 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The lake is oval in shape, and surrounded by high banks. The lava was quarried for millstones from the Roman period until the introduction of iron rollers for grinding corn.</p><br>
<p>On the western side lies the Benedictine monastery of Maria Laach Abbey (Abbatia Lacensis), founded in 1093 by Henry II of Laach of the House of Luxembourg, first Count Palatine of the Rhine, who had his castle opposite to the monastery above the eastern lakeside.</p><br>
<p>The lake has no natural outlet, but is drained by a tunnel dug before 1170 and rebuilt several times since. It is named after Abbot Fulbert, abbot from 1152–1177, who is believed to have built it.</p><br>
<h2>The eruption</h2><br>
<p>Volcanism in Germany can be traced back for millions of years, due to the collision between the African and Eurasian plates, but it has been concentrated in bursts associated with the loading and unloading of ice during glacial advances and retreats. The initial blasts of Laacher See, which took place in late spring or early summer, flattened trees up to four kilometres away. The magma opened a route to the surface which erupted for about ten hours, with the plume probably reaching a height of 35 kilometres. Activity continued for several weeks or months, with pyroclastic currents which covered valleys up to ten kilometres away with sticky tephra. Near the crater deposits are over fifty metres, and even five kilometres away they are still ten metres thick. All plants and animals for a distance of about sixty kilometres to the northeast and forty kilometres to the southeast must have been exterminated.</p><br>
<p>An estimated 6 km3 of magma erupted, producing around 16 km3 of tephra. This huge Plinian eruption thus had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6.</p><br>
<p>Tephra deposits from the eruption dammed the Rhine, creating a 140 km&sup2; lake. When the dam broke, an outburst flood swept downstream, leaving deposits as far away as Bonn. The fallout has been identified in an area of more than 300,000 square kilometres, stretching from central France to northern Italy, and from southern Sweden to Poland, making it an invaluable tool for chronological correlation of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental layers across the area.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath of the eruption</h2><br>
<p>The wider effects of the eruption were limited, amounting to several years of cold summers and up to two decades of environmental disruption in Germany. However, the lives of the local population, known as the Federmesser culture, were disrupted. Before the eruption, they were a sparsely distributed people who subsisted by foraging and hunting, using both spears and bows and arrows. According to archaeologist Felix Riede, after the eruption the area most affected by the fallout, the Thuringian Basin occupied by the Federmesser, appears to have been largely depopulated, whereas populations in southwest Germany and France increased. Two new cultures, the Bromme of southern Scandinavia and the Perstunian of northeast Europe emerged. These cultures had a lower level of toolmaking skills than the Federmesser, particularly the Bromme who appear to have lost the bow and arrow technology. In Riede&#39;s view the decline was a result from the disruption caused by the Laacher See volcano.</p><br>
<p>Gogland or Hogland  is an island in the Gulf of Finland in the eastern Baltic Sea, about 180 km west from Saint Petersburg and 35 km from the coast of Finland . Hogland has an area of approximately 21 km²; its highest point is 173 m. It belongs to Russia&#39;s Kingiseppsky District in the Leningrad Oblast.</p><br>
<p>Hogland&#39;s tourist industry is growing in importance, with most tourists coming from St. Petersburg, and some from Finland. In 2006, however, Russian authorities declared Hogland a "border area", which means that foreign nationals are not allowed to travel to the island without special permits. This limits tourism from abroad to small groups, admitted one at a time, and adds extensive bureaucracy to applications for permission to visit the island.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>There is some confusion regarding the transliteration of the name from the Russian language. The name Hogland has never actually changed; however, in Russian, the letter "h" is traditionally rendered as "г" ("g") in older transliterations, thus the Russian version of the name has always been Gogland. Since being ceded to Russia, the Russian name form, as seen on many maps, is often used in western languages.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hogland has been inhabited by ethnic Finns since at least the 16th century, but it has changed hands several times. Throughout much of its history the island was part of the Kingdom of Sweden, which controlled Finland; however, after the Great Northern War (as part of which, the Action of 22 July 1713 took place near the island),the Russian Empire, under Tsar Peter I, claimed the island. Peter then had the island&#39;s first lighthouse built in 1723.</p><br>
<p>During the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) the Battle of Hogland, between the Russian and Swedish fleets, took place offshore, in July 1788.</p><br>
<p>During the Crimean War, four vessels of the Royal Navy - Arrogant, Cossack, Magicienne, and Ruby - silenced the Russian batteries at a fort on the island, while the Anglo-French fleet went on to attack Sveaborg before returning home.</p><br>
<p>Offshore there have been several notable shipwrecks. The crew of the three-mast clipper "Amerika", which sank near the shore in October 1856, lie buried in an old Finnish cemetery.</p><br>
<p>After the Finnish War (1808 - 1809), Gogland officially passed to the Russian Empire, although it was made part of the newly created Grand Duchy of Finland which gained independence from Russia in 1917. Most of the island&#39;s population lived in two fishing villages administrated from Viipuri (Vyborg).</p><br>
<p>Hogland is known as the location of one of the earliest radio contacts, which took place on February 6, 1900 under the supervision of Alexander Popov. (The time and details of this event vary slightly in different sources).</p><br>
<p>Tourism became an important source of income in the interbellum. There was also a small soft drink factory on the island.</p><br>
<p>In March 1939, the Soviets asked Finland to lease Suursaari and four small uninhabited islets for thirty years and cede rich and heavily populated areas on the Karelian isthumus, as they were vital for the defense of Leningrad, the second biggest Soviet city. In return, the Soviet Union would show its good faith by offering a large slice of empty and unofficially disputed Karelian borderland in exchange. The Finns refused.</p><br>
<p>Soviet troops occupied the island during the Winter War (1939-1940), and the civilian population was evacuated. Hogland and nearby islands became strategically important during World War II, as German and Finnish forces used them to observe and maintain the massive belts of sea mines that kept the Soviet fleet bottled up in the eastern Gulf of Finland throughout the conflict.</p><br>
<p>Finnish forces captured Hogland during the Battle of Suursaari (Dec. 1941 - April 1942). Later, in September 1944 - Finland having ceased hostilities with the Soviet Union - the Germans attempted to take the island from their Finnish former allies, but were repulsed with heavy losses in Operation Tanne Ost. Hogland reverted to Russian possession at the end of the war.</p><br>
<h3>Landmarks</h3><br>
<p>During the war years both Soviet and Finnish troops built extensive fortifications, which are still found all over the island, along with discarded military equipment.</p><br>
<p>The island has both modern and very old lighthouses.</p><br>
<p>The log village of Suurkylä (Russian: Суркюля, Surkyulya) has been leveled and replaced with a few modern dwellings, possibly for a Soviet fishing collective farm, as well as some military facilities. Currently, about 50 people live permanently on the island, and the little fishing that still occurs is mainly recreational.</p><br>
<p>The island is renowned for its rugged scenery, including five lakes. Since 1826, the hill Mäkiinpäällys has two of the points in the Struve Geodetic Arc.</p><br>
<p>Suva Planina  is a mountain in southeastern Serbia. It lies between towns of Niška Banja on the northwest and Babušnica on the southeast, with a ridge branching towards Bela Palanka on north. Its earlier name was Kunovica.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak is Trem (porch) at 1,810 m, the second highest is Golemo Stražište at 1,714m, and there is also "Litica" at 1,683m (cliff) southeast side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The name stems from the fact that there are only few springs in the whole mountain. Two biggest are Bojanine vode (under Sokolov kamen at 860 m) and Rakoš česma (at the Bela Palanka side of the mountain).</p><br>
<p>Traces of the Roman military road Via Militaris, connecting Singidunum (now Belgrade) and Constantinople (now Istanbul) are still visible across the mountain.</p><br>
<p>As of 2010, Suva planina is undergoing a process of declaration of a special nature preserve.</p><br>
<p>In last weekend in February there is a mountaineering event called “Zimski uspon na Trem” (Winter climb on Trem), that gathers over 600 mountaineers from all parts of the Balkans. It is also the biggest Balkan’s mountain winter event. It started in 1997 and it is under the organization of Mountaineering club “Železničar” from Niš.</p><br>
<p>The slopes of this mountain are popular with skiing.</p><br>
<p>The Lácar Lake  is a lake of glacial origin in Neuquén Province, Argentina. It is enclosed in a mountain range of the Andes, at 630 m above mean sea level, approximately at 40&deg;11&prime;S latitude, 71&deg;32&prime;W longitude. The area around the lake is mostly uninhabited, except for the small city of San Martín de los Andes on its northeastern coast.</p><br>
<p>The lake has a surface area of 55 km² and a mean depth of 167 m, with a maximum of 277 m. Its catchment basin comprises 1,048 km². Like many Andean Argentine lakes, it drains across Chile and into the Pacific Ocean, in this case via the Huahum River that flows through Huahum Pass in the Andes.</p><br>
<p>As the northernmost lake on the eastern side of Andes that drains to the Pacific the lake and his catchment basin was claimed by Chile until 1902 based on an interpretation of the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina.</p><br>
<p>Bristol Lake is a dry lake in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California, 42 km northeast of Twentynine Palms.</p><br>
<p>Bristol Lake is located southeast of Amboy, California and USA Route 66, and is also south of Cadiz, California. Amboy Crater and the Bullion Mountains are to the west, and Old Woman Mountains to the east.</p><br>
<p>The lake is approximately 23 km long and 20 km at its widest point.</p><br>
<p>Geological Setting</p><br>
<p>Bristol Lake is located in San Bernardino Counties Mojave Desert. It is a Playa Lake in the Basin and Range Province and is the northernmost member of a northwest-southeast trending playa lake system that includes Cadiz Lake and Danby Lake.</p><br>
<p>Mineralogy</p><br>
<p>Bristol Lakes mineralogy is described as having a bullseye pattern of minerals with lithofacies consisting of halite at the center surrounded by mud, gypsum, and finally a sand flat playa margin. These minerals also have vertical lithofacies which resemble the horizontal facies stratification with gypsum occurring deeper in the playa followed by mud-halite and halite on top.</p><br>
<p>The mud lithofacies consists of thick detrital mud, and the halite lithofacies is defined by giant hopper shaped crystals. Gypsum occurs in large lenticular crystals throughout the playa but is mostly concentrated around the mud lithofacies. Gypsum crystal sizes increase toward the center of the playa.</p><br>
<p>Interpretation</p><br>
<p>Gypsum</p><br>
<p>Past studies have determined that the gypsum occurring in Bristol Lake precipitated displacively within the sediment where groundwater saturated with gypsum recharges around the mud lithofacies. This is supported by the geometry of the deposit and by chemical ldata, which suggests that water precipitating gypsum in the playa is more associated with groundwater than the brine at the basin center. large size of the gypsum crystals may be due to several reasons; inflow waters containing low Ca/SO4 ratios may result in large lenticular crystals, microorganisms have the potential to rework large lenticular crystals,Cody, A.M., and Cody R.D. “Evidence for Microbiological Induction of Montmartre Twinning of Gypsum (CaSO4*2H2O).” Journal of Crystal Growth, 98 (1989): 721-730</p><br>
<p>high concentrations of NaCl in inflow waters can decrease nucleation density of minerals resulting in larger crystal sizes (Cody 1988). It is likely that a combination of these processes was needed in order to form the gypsum crystals mentioned because gypsum crystals formed from low Ca/SO4 ratios or from microbial activity alone would not result in gypsum crystals large enough, and because gypsum size increases toward the center of the playa where NaCl concentrations are greatest.</p><br>
<p>Halite</p><br>
<p>Thin crusts and hopper-shaped halite crystals that occur in the sediment are caused by evaporative growth from capillary brines discharging at the surface.</p><br>
<p>Sediment mineral composition found in the desert saline sediments of southern California are predominantly influenced by the composition of the source rock, this is true for Bristol Lake as well.</p><br>
<p>Possible Magma Chamber</p><br>
<p>The brine chemistries at Bristol Lake are different from those predicted to form by the evaporative concentrations of the 2 inflow waters currently accounted for.</p><br>
<p>(1) Na-HCO3_SO4 will precipitate CaCO3 which will deplete the water in Ca. These waters evolve into Na-HCO3-CO3-Cl-SO4 brines with minor Mg and K. They will precipitate halite, Na-Sulfate, and Na-carbonate mineral upon further evaporation.</p><br>
<p>(2)Cl-SO4 predicted to precipitate calcite and then gypsum and form neutral Na-SO4-Cl brines with subordinate K and Mg. These brines are predicted to precipitate halite and Na-Sulfate salts during further evaporative concentration.</p><br>
<p>The basin center brines of BDL (saline mudflats and saline pan areas) are Na-Ca-Cl rich with lower concentrations of K and Mg and little SO4 and HCO3. Differing from their predicted chemical composition mostly by lacking SO4, CO3 and HCO3 and having high levels of Cl.</p><br>
<p>Rosen 1991 attributed increased concentration of Cl to be from atmospheric precipitation, however the Ca-Cl concentrations present at Bristol Lake are not compatible with normal low temperature surface weathering and evaporative concentration processes.</p><br>
<p>It is speculated that a magma chamber drives the formation of Ca-Cl brines at elevated temperatures and drives the transportation of these brines to the surface. Other evidence of a magma chamber in the area is the Amboy crater and its associated lava flows, which occur directly North of Bristol Lake.</p><br>
<p>Industry</p><br>
<p>A salt evaporator operation is situated on the dry lake bed just east of Amboy Road.</p><br>
<p>The Institute for Colored Youth was founded in 1837 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. After moving to Delaware County, Pennsylvania, and changing its name to Cheyney University, it continues as the oldest African-American school of higher education, although degrees were not granted by Cheyney until 1913. The second site of the Institute for Colored Youth at Ninth and Bainbridge Streets in Philadelphia was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It is also known as the Samuel J. Randall School, and is a three-story, three-bay brick building built in 1865, in the Italianate-style</p><br>
<p>The Institute was founded by Richard Humphreys, a Quaker philanthropist who bequeathed $10,000, one-tenth of his estate, to design and establish a school to educate people of African descent. Born on a plantation in the West Indies, Humphreys came to Philadelphia in 1764, where he became concerned about the struggles of free African Americans to make a living. News of a race riot in 1829 prompted Humphreys to write his will, in which he charged thirteen fellow Quakers to design an institution "to instruct the descendents of the African Race in school learning, in the various branches of the mechanic Arts, trades and Agriculture, in order to prepare and fit and qualify them to act as teachers...."</p><br>
<p>Using the money Humphreys bequeathed, the Quakers formed an organization in 1837. For several years, they experimented with agricultural and industrial education, as well as trade apprenticeships for African-American children. By 1851, the Managers, as the Quakers came to be called, instead decided to focus on Humphreys&#39;s wish to train African-American children to become teachers. In 1852, the Managers opened the first Institute for Colored Youth building at 716–718 Lombard Street in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Although operated by the Quaker Board of Managers, the faculty of the Institute for Colored Youth consisted entirely of African-American men and women. The Institute contained both Boys and Girls High Schools, as well as a Preparatory School. The school provided a classical education to young African Americans in Philadelphia, with a curriculum including advanced mathematics, sciences, English, philosophy, various social sciences, and classical languages.</p><br>
<p>By 1861, the Managers recognized a need for a better facility for their growing school. After an extensive fundraising campaign, the Managers purchased a lot at 915 Bainbridge Street. The new Institute for Colored Youth building opened on March 9, 1866. It was capable of holding twice as many students as the original school and had facilities such as a lecture hall and chemistry laboratory.</p><br>
<p>In 1902 the Institute moved to George Cheyney&#39;s farm, 25 mi west of Philadelphia, and afterward the name "Cheyney" became associated with the school.</p><br>
<p>The building is now used as condos.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Julian F. Abele</p><br>
<p>Lucy Addison</p><br>
<p>Octavius Valentine Catto</p><br>
<p>Rebecca Cole</p><br>
<p>John Wesley Cromwell (graduated in 1864)</p><br>
<p>Robert Douglass, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Mapps Douglass</p><br>
<p>James B. Dudley</p><br>
<p>John H. Smythe</p><br>
<p>Jacob C. White Jr.</p><br>
<p>Josephine Silone Yates</p><br>
<p>Scoville Memorial Library is the public library of Salisbury, Connecticut. Established in 1803, it was the first in the United States open to the public free of charge. It is located at 38 Main Street, in an architecturally distinguished Romanesque 1894 building donated by Jonathan Scoville, a local philanthropist. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The library collection began in 1771, when Richard Smith, owner of a local blast furnace, used community contributions to buy 200 books in London. Patrons could borrow and return books on the third Monday of every third month. Fees were collected for damages, the most common being "greasing" by wax dripped from the candles by which the patrons read. In 1805, a gift of books from Caleb Bingham, a Salisbury native, created the Bingham Library for Youth, followed by the Church Library, the gift of Miss Harriet Church. In time, these various collections, along with additional purchases, were gathered together and housed at the Town Hall.</p><br>
<p>On April 9, 1810, a Salisbury town meeting voted to authorize the "selectmen draw upon the town treasurer for the sum of one hundred dollars" to purchase more books for the Scoville Memorial Library collection, making the library the first publicly supported free town library in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1890s, Jonathan Scoville, another Salisbury native, left $12,000 in his will for a library building. This bequest, together with contributions from other Scoville family members, financed the construction of a gray granite building, built from native stone quarried near Lion&#39;s Head Road. Miss Grace Scoville donated a tower clock, which continues to chime the quarter hours with four, eight, twelve, and sixteen notes from Parsifal.</p><br>
<p>The original building was designed to serve the town as its library and community center. In addition to a reading room, with children&#39;s corner, reference department, and stacks, there was an auditorium with piano, stage, and balcony. Refreshments for various literary and musical events were prepared downstairs in the kitchen and pantries. A 15th-century stone carving, sent by Salisbury Cathedral in England, was placed over the fireplace at the far end of the reading room, where it remains today.</p><br>
<p>By 1981, the library had outgrown the space available, and a new rear section was built along the outside walls of the original building, providing room for books, offices, and community events.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The library&#39;s holdings have now grown to over 30,000 items, including a well-rounded core collection of fiction and nonfiction, books-on-tape and videos, large-print books, reference material and maps, periodicals and newspapers, The Lakeville Journal on microfilm, as well as books from the original collections. In addition the library houses an archive collection with materials related to Salisbury, Lakeville, and Ore Hill history and genealogy, as well as works of art including portraits of members of the Scoville family by Ellen Emmet Rand.</p><br>
<p>The library is fully automated, with an online card catalog, Internet workstations, electronic databases, and computers available for word-processing.</p><br>
<p>The Scoville Memorial Library is a not-for-profit association and is governed by an independent board of trustees. While it serves as the town&#39;s public library, it is funded largely by private donations.</p><br>
<p>Laganas  is a village and a former municipality on the island of Zakynthos, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zakynthos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit Laganas covers the southernmost part of Zakynthos. Its municipal seat was the town of Pantokratoras . The municipal unit of Laganas has a land area of 74.104 km². Its largest towns are Mouzaki , Lithakia , Pantokratoras, Kalamaki , Laganas , and Keri . The central and eastern part of the municipal unit are flat, but there are hills up to 450 m elevation in the west. The Zakynthos International Airport lies in the eastern part of the municipal unit, near Kalamaki. The beach village Laganas, part of the community of Pantokratoras, is on the southeastern coast. A large part of Laganas is a national park, established for the protection of turtles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name "Laganas" comes from the Greek word "yoke" meaning "wireybuzz", referring to the former manufacture of pottery in the area of Lithakia and Kalamaki. Laganas suffered great damage from the 1953 Ionian earthquake.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Laganas attractions</h2><br>
<p>An attraction of Laganas is the migration of the loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Each year during the months of June, July and August the turtles migrate to the Bay of Laganas to lay their eggs on the beach. This is a protected beach which is watched over by ecologists at all times.</p><br>
<p>Laganas is a party destination in Europe for 18-30&#39;s visitors. The town has many nightclubs, restaurants and local souvenir shops. Laganas is popular among young British, Serbian, Dutch, Swedish and German tourists. Laganas is home to over 100 bars and clubs and is busiest during the summer months of June, July & August.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Laganas is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agalas (Agalas, Ai Giannis, Ampelos, Stimies)</p><br>
<p>Kalamaki (Kalamaki, Margaraiika, Pefkakia)</p><br>
<p>Keri (Keri, Apelati, Limni Keriou, Marathias)</p><br>
<p>Lithakia</p><br>
<p>Mouzaki</p><br>
<p>Pantokratoras (Pantokratoras, Laganas)</p><br>
<p>The Murrell Home, also known as the George M. Murrell Home, is a historic house museum at 19479 E Murrel Rd in Murrell Home Park, Park Hill, near Tahlequah, Oklahoma in the Cherokee Nation. Built in 1845, it is one of the few buildings to survive in Cherokee lands from the antebellum period between the Trail of Tears relocation of the Cherokee people and the American Civil War. It was a major social center of the elite among the Cherokee in the mid-nineteenth century. It has been owned by the state since 1948, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built by George Michael Murrell, a wealthy white planter and merchant married to Minerva Ross, the niece of prominent Cherokee leader John Ross. He called it Hunter&#39;s Home. The Murrells came to Indian Territory about the time of the Trail of Tears (1839). They furnished their house with the latest in fashions. They held 42 slaves, whom they housed in nine cabins on the large property.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the area surrounding the Murrell Home was frequently raided by forces loyal to both the Union and Confederacy. The Murrell Home was spared destruction during this turbulent time and was the only local building to survive the conflict.</p><br>
<p>Cherokee Jennie Ross Cobb (1881–1959), one of the earliest Native American photographers, later lived in the Murrell Home and helped direct restoration of the house. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The building was acquired by the state in 1948, and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society as a historic house museum. It has been furnished reflecting the period 1830s-1860s, including furnishings and artifacts from the Murrell family. The Daniel Cabin is a log cabin on the property; it is used for living history demonstrations of Cherokee life in the 1850s. The property also features a 45 acre park with trails.</p><br>
<p>Cape St. George Island  is an uninhabited barrier island situated on Florida&#39;s North Gulf Coast, south-southeast of St. Vincent Island, west of St. George Island and 8–10 miles south-southwest of the town of Apalachicola in Franklin County, Florida. It was formerly part of St. George Island, but was separated from the main island in 1954, when the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed the ship channel known as Bob Sikes Cut.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Various Indian cultures occupied St. George Island for hundreds of years prior to the arrival of Europeans. Pottery fragments dating from A.D. 750 to 1450 occasionally are found on older portions of the island. Throughout the 1830s Apalachicola became Florida&#39;s largest port due to the booming cotton industry. With such a large volume of ships entering and leaving Apalachicola Bay a lighthouse was necessary. In 1831 the Florida Territorial Legislature was awarded an $11,800 Congressional appropriation to build a new lighthouse. The first lighthouse was constructed at the west end of the island in 1833 near West Pass, which was the main entrance to the bay. Due to the shape of St. George Island a second lighthouse was constructed at the southernmost tip to better guide ships. The second lighthouse only lasted three years due to poor construction and powerful storms. A replacement lighthouse was constructed in 1852 and stood over 500 yards inland from the Gulf. However, by 1990 beach erosion left the lighthouse vulnerable. The lighthouse finally succumbed to the weather when it toppled into the water July 10, 2005. A new replica of the Cape St. George lighthouse was finished December 1, 2006 on St. George Island.</p><br>
<p>Pine trees on Cape St. George Island were "catfaced" used to make turpentine from 1910 through 1916. During World War II the island served as a practice gunnery range for B-24 bombers stationed in nearby Apalachicola. From 1950 through 1956 the pine trees were again harvested for turpentine. The old buildings of the turpentine camp are still in existence at the Government Dock.</p><br>
<p>Cape St. George Island was purchased in 1977 under the Environmentally Endangered Lands program to protect it from development and to contribute to the protection of Apalachicola Bay. Cape St. George State Reserve, now referred to as Little St. George Island, is currently owned by the Florida Department of Environmental Protections Florida Coastal Office and managed by the Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve (ANERR). The Islands remoteness and wilderness qualities provide an opportunity to explore and enjoy a remnant of Florida&#39;s original natural landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island has extensive savannahs, old relic sand dune ridges and sand dunes and salt marshes. Ponds and marshes are found in the low swales between the old dune ridges. A small coastal hammock and black willow swamp can also be found.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>There are a variety of recreational opportunities on Little St. George Island including hiking, beach activities, kayaking, wildlife viewing, primitive camping and fishing. Although the Island is only accessible by boat, there are many local outfitters that provide day trips to the Island and equipment rental. Primary access to the Island is from Sikes Cut and the Marshall and Government docks. Informational kiosks that describe recreation opportunities are prominently located at West Pass, Marshall House, and Sikes Cut.</p><br>
<p>There are a total of seven "Leave No Trace" camping sites: two sites at West Pass, two sites at the Government Dock, two sites at Sikes Cut, and one sheltered camping platform at the historic lighthouse location. Paddlers along the have priority at these sites. Sites are free and reservation is not required with but recommended. There are two primitive hiking trails located near the center of the Island. Island Ridge Trail extends out west from the Short Road and connects to the Bay for a nice viewpoint. A moderate 3 mile loop can be made by taking the trail out and the Old Bay Road back. Another primitive trail meanders along a dune ridge and takes visitors from the Government Dock camp to the Gulf Beach (1 mile). On the far east end, the Sikes Cut Trail is a 0.9 mile trail that can connect with the Gulf Beach to make a 1.6 mile loop. All roads and beaches can be hiked on Little St. George Island. Motorized vehicles are not allowed. Pets are welcome but must be leashed at all times due to the Island&#39;s beach and dune areas being critical shorebird and sea turtle nesting habitat.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Cape St. George Island is covered by several plant communities. Scrub and sea oats can be found on the newer dunes, Slash pine flatwoods are found in the low swales and savannahs. Scattered cabbage palmetto are found on overwash portions at the east and west ends of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>There are few mammals on the island due to the distance from the mainland; raccoons, coyotes, and squirrels are the most common. However, birds are very diverse and abundant during migration in the spring and fall. Notable birds of prey include the peregrine falcon, bald eagle, and osprey. Threatened loggerhead sea turtles and endangered green and leatherback (rare) sea turtles nest on the beach throughout the summer, as do oystercatchers and endangered snowy plovers. Cottonmouths and rattlesnakes are common in the ponds and marshes. There are even a few gopher tortoises inhabiting the higher dunes of the island.</p><br>
<p>Wistlandpound Reservoir is a reservoir in Devon, England owned by South West Water.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1956, the earth embankment reservoir holds up to 1,550 megalitres (341 million gallons) and covers an area of 40 acres (16ha).</p><br>
<p>Situated close to Exmoor National Park, and managed jointly by The Forestry Commission and The South West Lakes Trust, Wistlandpound is a popular recreation area, with bird watching, trout fishing, as well as boating and nature walking among the most popular activities.</p><br>
<p>The Calvert Trust has a centre at the Reservoir, providing holiday and activity facilities for those with disabilities, and their families.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the reservoir flooded part of the formation of the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway, which can still be seen when water levels are low. The railway, which is being reconstructed, will follow an alternative route around the side of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Wistlandpound reservoir is located at.</p><br>
<p>Pushkalavati  was the capital of the Gandhara Empire. Its ruins are located on the outskirts of the modern city of Charsadda, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Its ruins are located on the banks of Swat River, near its junction with Kabul River. Pushkalavati was the capital of ancient kingdom Gandhara from the 6th century BCE, until it became an Achaemenid regional capital in the 2nd century CE.</p><br>
<p>The region around ancient Pushkulavati was recorded in the Zoroastrian Zend Avesta as Vaēkərəta, or the seventh most beautiful place on earth created by Ahura Mazda. It was known as the "crown jewel" of Bactria, and held sway over nearby ancient Taxila&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Pushkalavati means Lotus City in Sanskrit. According to the Ramayana, it was named Pushkalavati because it was founded by Pushkala, the son of Bharat (and hence nephew of Rama, the hero of Ramayana).</p><br>
<h2>Ruins</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of Pushkalavati consist of many stupas and the sites of two ancient cities.</p><br>
<h3>Bala Hisar</h3><br>
<p>Bala Hisar site in this area was first occupied in the 2nd millennium BC.</p><br>
<p>In later 6th century BC, Pushkalavati became the capital of the Achaemenid Gandhara satrapy. The location was first excavated in 1902 by the archaeologist John Marshall. Sir Mortimer Wheeler conducted some excavations there in 1962, and identified various Achaemenid remains.</p><br>
<p>Later in the regions historical chronology, King Ashoka built a stupa there which was described by Xuanzang when he visited in 630 AD, which to this day remains unidentified and undiscovered.</p><br>
<h3>Peucela and Shaikhan Dheri</h3><br>
<p>The Bactrian Greeks built a new city (Peucela or Peucelaitis) at this site which lies one kilometre from Bala Hissar on the other side of the branch of River Jinde. This city was occupied by Parthian, Sakas and Kushans and subsequently became known as Shaikhan Dheri (AKA Shaikhn Dher, etc.). In 2nd AD, river changed its course and city was flooded. The town moved to the site of the modern village of Rajjar.</p><br>
<p>The former city&#39;s ruins were partly excavated by Ahmad Hasan Dani in 1960s. There are still many mounds at Mir Ziarat, at Rajar and Shahr-i-Napursan which are still unexcavated.</p><br>
<h2>Pushkalavati and Prang</h2><br>
<p>The city of Pushkalavati was situated at the confluence of Swat and Kabul rivers. Three different branches of Kabul river meet there. That specific place is still called Prang and considered sacred. A grand graveyard is situated to the north of Prang where the local people bring their dead for burial. This graveyard is considered to be among the largest graveyards in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Pushkalavati in the Ramayana</h2><br>
<p>In the concluding portion of the (Ramayana) Uttarakhanda or Supplemental Book (chaps. 101, 113-41, 200), the descendants of Rama and his brothers are described as the founders of the great cities and kingdoms which flourished in Western India.</p><br>
<p>Bharata the brother of Rama had two sons, Taksha and Pushkala. The former founded Taksha-sila or Taxila, to the east of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Taxila. The latter founded Pushkala-vati or Pushkalavati, to the west of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Peukelaotis. Thus the sons of Bharat are said to have founded kingdoms which flourished on either side of the Indus river.</p><br>
<p>Woodland Heights, VA is a neighborhood in the city of Richmond, Virginia. It began as a trolleycar neighborhood in the early 1900s and was built up along the James River beside Forest Hill Park. Woodland Heights is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Registry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Woodland Heights was first advertised in 1891 as a luxury riverside retreat with proximity to downtown Richmond and Forest Hill Park. At this time, the "South Bank" of the James River was still mainly farms and woodlands along Old Manchester&#39;s western edge. Woodland Heights is the oldest of three sister neighborhoods built along the Rhodes trolleycar line, along with Westover Hills and Forest Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Amongst the first homes built in Woodland Heights was the T.D. Mann House. It was built in 1890, in the popular Victorian Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>Many subsequent homes built in Woodland Heights were of the American Four Square design from the Sears Roebuck catalog.</p><br>
<h2>Notable events</h2><br>
<p>Woodland Heights holds an annual House Tour and craft fair. It is located within walking distance of Forest Hill Park, Canoe Run Park, and Carter Jones Park. Forest Hill Park holds a farmer&#39;s market on Saturdays.</p><br>
<p>The Alazani  is a river that flows through the Caucasus. It is the main tributary of the Kura in eastern Georgia, and flows for 351 km. Part of its path forms the border between Georgia and Azerbaijan, before it meets the Kura at the Mingəçevir Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The Alazani originates in the Greater Caucasus, south of the main ridge, in the northwestern part of the Akhmeta District. It flows initially to the south towards the town Akhmeta, then through the fruitful Alazani Valley of Kakheti towards the southeast. The Alazani is the center of the Georgian wine industry. For centuries, it was a main gateway for Persian invaders.</p><br>
<p>The Alazani dries up during the winter, but in the late spring, snow melt from the mountains swells the river enormously; this regularly causes flooding. The river is mainly used for irrigation and for drinking water. In the 1990s, Chinese investors built many small hydroelectric power plants, which use the Alazani&#39;s strong current. The river is also popular with tourists for rafting trips.</p><br>
<p>A light pollution of the river with biological substances comes from untreated sewage from the cities and other communities, as well as from the agricultural areas. In the districts of Kvareli and Lagodekhi, water quality is said to be quite bad.</p><br>
<p>Alazani serves also as the name of different Georgian wines, among them the semi-dry brands of Marani Alazani Valley and Old Tbilisi Alazani.</p><br>
<p>The Foja Mountains   are located just north of the Mamberamo river basin in Papua, Indonesia. The mountains rise to 2,193 m, and have 3,000 square kilometres of old growth tropical rainforest in the interior part of the range. The Foja forest tract covers 9,712 square kilometers and is the largest unroaded tropical forest in the Asia Pacific region.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Foja Mountains are cooler than the lowlands below because of their elevation, but January and July temperatures still average 20 to 30 C. The rainy season is from December to March, but the area can receive rain throughout the year. In a typical year, the range receives more than 2,032 mm of precipitation. Relative humidity ranges from 73 to 87%. The nearest villages include: Sragafareh, Jomen, Beggensabah, Aer Mati, and Dabra.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountains have no record of visitors prior to 1979 (Stattersfield et al. 1998), and are dominated by Araucaria cunninghamii, Podocarpus neriifolius, Agathis labillardieri, Calophyllum, and Palaquium at the 1,200 meter level. Much of the area around the Foja Mountains and nearby Van Rees Mountains are too steep for conventional logging, and are considered unsafe due to their inaccessibility. Some atlases show only the Gauttier Mountains in the area, but the Foja Mountains lie at the eastern edge of that range at about 139° east longitude.</p><br>
<h3>Ecological discovery</h3><br>
<h4>2005</h4><br>
<p>In December 2005, leena krenena from the United States, Indonesia, and Australia spent a month in the Foja Range documenting flora and fauna from the lower hills to near the summit of the range. The expedition team was co-led by Bruce Beehler and Stephen Richards and included scientists from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cenderawasih University, the Smithsonian Institution, Conservation International and other institutions. In February 2006, the expedition team released details of new species including:</p><br>
<p>One bird, a honeyeater with scarlet wattles, officially described in 2007 as the wattled smoky honeyeater (Melipotes carolae).</p><br>
<p>20 frogs</p><br>
<p>Four butterflies</p><br>
<p>Five palms</p><br>
<p>A rhododendron with a white, scented flower across the NeverPeack Mountains</p><br>
<p>The scientists documented:</p><br>
<p>The first photographs of Berlepsch&#39;s six-wired bird of paradise and the golden-fronted bowerbird, both of which were only known from a minute number of trade skins previously.</p><br>
<p>A golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus pulcherrimus), believed to be near-extinct.</p><br>
<p>Western long-beaked echidnas that allowed scientists to pick them up, evidence that the area has had no human presence</p><br>
<p>The human population of the Foja Range is 300, living in the 7,500 square kilometres of low-lying forest. The 3,000 square kilometres of mountainous jungle appear to have been untouched by humans until the 2006 scientific expedition. There are no roads in the mountains, so scientists had to travel by helicopter, landing on a boggy lakebed. Six permits were needed before the 11-member team could legally enter.</p><br>
<h4>2007</h4><br>
<p>In December 2007, a second scientific expedition was taken to the mountain range. The expedition led to the discovery of two new species: the first being a 1.4 kg giant rat (Mallomys sp.) approximately five times the size of a regular brown rat, the second a pygmy possum (Cercartetus sp.) described by scientists as "one of the world&#39;s smallest marsupials."</p><br>
<h4>2008</h4><br>
<p>An expedition late in 2008, backed by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, National Geographic Society and Smithsonian Institution, was made in order to assess the area’s biodiversity. New types of animals recorded include a frog with a long erectile nose, a large woolly rat, an imperial-pigeon with rust, grey and white plumage, a 25 cm gecko with claws rather than pads on its toes, and a small, 30 cm high, black forest wallaby.</p><br>
<p>Tokachi Volcanic Group is a volcanic group of mainly stratovolcanoes arrayed along a southwest-northeast axis in Hokkaidō, Japan.</p><br>
<p>The volcanic group lies on the Kurile arc of the Pacific ring of fire, and consists of andesite, basalt, and dacite stratovolcanoes and lava domes. The group gets its name from the highest peak in the group, Mount Tokachi.</p><br>
<p>The most recent activity is centered on the northwest end.</p><br>
<h2>List of volcanoes</h2><br>
<p>The following table lists the mountains in the volcanic group.</p><br>
<p>Other peaks include:</p><br>
<p>Chuo-Kakokyu cone</p><br>
<p>Ko-Tokachi-Dake stratovolcano</p><br>
<p>Mae-Tokachi-Dake stratovolcano</p><br>
<p>Maru-Yama cone</p><br>
<p>Nokogiri-Dake stratovolcano</p><br>
<p>Suribachi-Kakokyu cone</p><br>
<p>Tairaga-Dake stratovolcano</p><br>
<p>Standard Adding Machine Company was founded in the early 1890s  in Illinois and was the first company to  release a 10-key adding machine. The machine was a breakthrough for its time because it dramatically modernized computing. Earlier key driven adding machines, like the comptometer, featured eight or more columns of nine keys, which made them cumbersome and costly and their operators prone to mistakes. The 10 keys were set on a single row.</p><br>
<p>The invention won an international grand prize during the 1904 World&#39;s Fair and was heralded as a "modern life preserver" in an office journal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William H. Hopkins, the inventor of the Standard Adding Machine, was a minister. When he moved to St. Louis in 1885 he served as chaplain and then pastor of St. Louis Second Christian Church. He continued to invent during those years and to find better ways to make an adding machine. In the 1890s, he left Second Christian Church and became assistant editor of the company that published The Christian Evangelist. William Hopkins filed his first patent on October 4, 1892. He registered the Hopkins Adding Machine Company in 1897, and in 1899 his company changed name to Standard Adding Machine Company (Illinois company was bought off).</p><br>
<p>The Standard Adding Machine Company released the first 10-key adding machine in about 1900. Hopkins&#39; success led to competition. By 1915, other adding machine companies were vying for business. In 1916, Hopkins died, and his company began to decline.</p><br>
<p>Standard Adding Machine closed in 1921. In the decades since, the building housed businesses such as St. Louis Pump & Equipment Co., Lee Paper Co., and most recently, Harrison-Williams Store Fixtures. Vacant since 2003, the building was renovated in 2005 by Aquinas Institute of Theology.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Because of the historical significance of the adding machine, the Standard Adding Machine building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Launch Control Center  is a four-story building located at NASA&#39;s Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida used for the supervision of launches from Launch Complex 39. In practice, this means that the LCC handles all American manned space flights. Attached to the southeast corner of the Vehicle Assembly Building, the LCC contains offices; telemetry, tracking and instrumentation equipment; the automated Launch Processing System; and four firing rooms.</p><br>
<p>Launches have been conducted from the LCC since the unmanned Apollo 4 (Apollo-Saturn 501) launch on November 9, 1967; its first manned launch was Apollo 8 on December 21, 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Firing room</h2><br>
<p>Launch operations are supervised and controlled from the firing room. Responsibility for the booster and spacecraft remains with the LCC until the booster has cleared the launch tower, when responsibility is handed over to the Mission Control Center at Johnson Space Center.</p><br>
<p>Extensive renovation of Firing Room 4 was finished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Key personnel</h2><br>
<h3>Launch Director (LD)</h3><br>
<p>The Launch Director is the head of the launch team, and is responsible for making the final "go" or "no go" decision for launch after polling the relevant team members.</p><br>
<h3>Flow Director (FD)</h3><br>
<p>The Flow Director is responsible for the preparation of the spacecraft for launch, and remains in the LCC in an advisory capacity.</p><br>
<h3>NASA Test Director (NTD)</h3><br>
<p>The NASA Test Director is responsible for all pre-launch testing, whether involving the flight crew, the orbiter, the external tank/solid rocket booster, or ground support equipment. The NTD is also responsible for the safety of all personnel on the pad after fuelling has occurred. Reports to the Launch Director.</p><br>
<h3>Orbiter Test Conductor (OTC)</h3><br>
<p>The Orbiter Test Conductor is in charge of all pre-flight checkout and testing of the orbiter, and manages the engineers in the firing room who monitor the orbiter&#39;s systems. OTC is an employee of a contractor rather than of NASA.</p><br>
<h3>Tank/Booster Test Conductor (TBC)</h3><br>
<h3>Payload Test Conductor (PTC)</h3><br>
<p>The Payload Test Conductor is responsible for the pre-flight test and checkout of payloads carried by the orbiter and manages the engineering and test teams responsible for monitoring and controlling payload ground operations. PTC is a contractor member of the Space Shuttle Team.</p><br>
<h3>Launch Processing System Coordinator (LPS)</h3><br>
<p>The LPS Coordinator monitors and oversees the LPS System; specifically, the desired launch rate, Space Shuttle stacking (assembly), and all safety requirements. This is made possible by the Launch Processing System, or LPS &mdash; a highly automated, computer-controlled system that oversees the entire checkout and launch process.</p><br>
<h3>Support Test Manager (STM)</h3><br>
<h3>Safety Console Coordinator (SAFETY)</h3><br>
<h3>Shuttle Project Engineer (SPE)</h3><br>
<h3>Landing and Recovery Director (LRD)===(LRD)===No Landing and Recovery Director (NLRD)</h3><br>
<h3>Superintendent of Range Operations (SRO)</h3><br>
<p>The Superintendent of Range Operations ensures that all tracking and communications systems are ready to support the launch operation as well as ensuring that downrange airspace and splashdown areas remain clear for launch, and monitors weather near the launch site.</p><br>
<h3>Ground Launch Sequencer Engineer (CGLS)</h3><br>
<p>The Ground Launch Sequencer Engineer is responsible for monitoring the operation of the automated Ground Launch Sequencer system, which controls the countdown from T-9 minutes until launch. After this point through to T-31 seconds, they are in charge of implementing a manual hold if necessary. After T-31 seconds only an automatic cutoff is available. The automatic cutoff recycles the countdown clock to T-20 minutes. Usually this will extend the launch time beyond the launch window causing a scrub and a 24-hour turnaround.</p><br>
<p>Aillwee Cave is a cave in the karst landscape of the Burren in County Clare, Ireland. The name Aillwee is derived from the Irish Aill Bhuí which means "yellow cliff".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cave system consists of over a kilometre of passages leading into the heart of the mountain. Its features include an underground river and a waterfall as well as some large stalactites and stalagmites. The remains of bears can also be seen inside the caves and allusions have been made to it being the last bear den in Ireland. The cave is typical of the Clare caves, consisting in the main of stream passage and ending in a sump. The general direction is east–west but turns due south some 600 m into the cave.</p><br>
<p>The cave is considerably older than most of the Clare caves and originally contained a large stream. The cave is now largely deserted of the stream and is heavily backfilled with glacial infill. The formations visible on the show cave tour are rarely more than 8,000 years old but calcite samples in the recesses of the cave have been dated to over 350,000 years old.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and exploration</h2><br>
<p>It was discovered in 1944, when a farmer named Jack McGann followed his dog who was chasing a rabbit. The farmer did not explore very far into the caves, and did not tell anyone of the find for nearly 30 years. He told cavers of the cave in 1973 and that summer the cave was explored as far as a boulder choke. Show cave development began quite soon after.</p><br>
<p>The boulder choke was removed in 1977 and access was gained to the rest of the cave. The Marine Blast tunnel was completed in 1992 to allow a circular trip.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>The cave was opened to the public in 1976. The access building has been awarded the Europa Nostra prize.</p><br>
<p>Roughly 300 m of cave passage is open to the public, one third of the total length of the cave. The tours end at a point called the Highway and exit the cave via a 250 m man-made tunnel.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The caves appear in the Father Ted episode "The Mainland" under the name "The Very Dark Caves". They are also mentioned in a story in Part II of The Basset Chronicles by June J. McInerney.</p><br>
<p>The Hausgen House, a historic home, located on Walnut Lane in Anchorage, Kentucky, was constructed circa 1890 and is an example of the Colonial Revival design popular in eastern Jefferson County during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The home was built for H. Otto Hausgen by William B. Wood, known as Anchorage&#39;s master builder.</p><br>
<p>The foundation of the home is constructed of local limestone; quarried from the nearby community of Peewee Valley, Kentucky. Lumber, tools, and other materials used in the construction of the home were hauled in two-horse wagons, a commonly used conveyance of the time. The two-story frame and weatherboard house has a hipped roof and a one-story veranda, which spans the entire main façade. The front entryway includes an elaborate front door with overhead fanlights and sidelights - a typical feature with the Colonial Revival styles of the period. These features, along with the fine dentil molding of the porch and cornice work, make this house a particularly fine example of Wood&#39;s work. The home also features a multiple columned porch distinctive to the style. This home style went on to greatly influence the 1908 design of the W. S. Forrester House; a residence attributed to Henry Frank, a local builder who had served as an apprentice to Wood. Since its completion, Hausgen House has remained intact, with no known changes made to its Colonial Revival styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and has undergone significant renovations since that time.</p><br>
<p>San Pedro Underwater Archaeological Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park located in 18 ft of water, approximately 1.25 nmi south of Indian Key. It became the second Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when it opened to the public in 1989. The heart of the park is the San Pedro, a submerged shipwreck from a 1733 Spanish flotilla, around which visitors can dive and snorkel. The wreck was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 2001.</p><br>
<h2>About The 1733 Spanish Fleet (flotilla)</h2><br>
<p>Much like the 1715-Fleet disaster above, the 1733 Fleet was another entire Spanish convoy (except for one ship) lost in a hurricane off Florida. The lesser severity of the 1733 hurricane (which struck the fleet on July 15) and the shallowness of the wrecksites in the Keys, however, made for many survivors and even left four ships in good enough condition to be re-floated and sent back to Havana. A very successful salvage effort by the Spanish soon commenced, bringing up even more than the 12 million pesos of precious cargo on the Fleet’s manifest (thanks to the usual contraband).</p><br>
<p>The wrecks themselves are spread across 80 miles, from north of Key Largo down to south of Duck Key, and include the following galleons (but note there is not universal agreement as to which wrecksite pertains to each galleon, and also note that each name is a contemporaneous abbreviation or nickname): El Pópulo, El Infante, San José, El Rubí (the capitana, or lead vessel of the fleet), Chávez, Herrera, Tres Puentes, San Pedro, El Terri (also spelled Lerri or Herri), San Francisco, El Gallo Indiano (the almiranta, or rear guard of the fleet), Las Angustias, El Sueco de Arizón, San Fernando, and San Ignacio. This last ship, San Ignacio, is believed to be the source of many silver coins (and even some gold coins) found in a reef area off Deer Key known as “Coffins Patch,” the southwesternmost of all the 1733-Fleet wrecksites. In addition, many other related sites are known, mostly the wrecks of tag-along ships that accompanied the fleet proper.</p><br>
<p>The first and arguably most famous of the wrecks of the 1733 Fleet to be located in modern times was the Capitana El Rubí, which was discovered in 1948 and salvaged principally in the 1950s by Art McKee, whose Sunken Treasure Museum on Plantation Key housed his finds for all to see. Throughout the next several decades, however, the wrecksites in the Keys became a virtual free-for-all, with many disputes and confrontations, until the government created the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in 1990. The removal of artifacts from any of the sites is prohibited today.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to the 1715 Fleet, and because of the extensive Spanish salvage in the 1730s, the finds by modern divers have been modest, especially in gold coins, of which there are far more fakes on the market than genuine specimens. Nevertheless, the 1733 Fleet has been a significant source for some of the rare Mexican milled “pillar dollars” of 1732-1733 as well as the transitional “klippe”-type coins of 1733.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational Activities</h2><br>
<p>Activities include boating, canoeing, snorkeling, scuba diving, fishing and swimming.</p><br>
<h2>Hours</h2><br>
<p>Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays).</p><br>
<p>Fort Gratiot was an American stockade fort in Fort Gratiot, Michigan, in Saint Clair County, Michigan. The former location of the fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Army constructed Fort Gratiot in 1814 as an outpost to guard the juncture of the Saint Clair River and Lake Huron. The fort took the name of the engineer supervising its construction, Charles Gratiot. Soldiers occupied Fort Gratiot until 1822 and then abandoned the fort. Lucius Lyon built Fort Gratiot Light north of Fort Gratiot in 1825-1829.</p><br>
<p>The Army then returned from 1828, and rebuilt the fort to a somewhat smaller size than the original, They the site intermittently until 1879.</p><br>
<p>The Army abandoned Fort Gratiot in 1879. It was not entirely shut down until 1895.</p><br>
<p>Pine Grove Park occupies part of the fort site. The timber-framed hospital and officers quarters were moved multiple times within the fort, finally being placed in the western section, along what is now St. Claire Street. In the 1980s, archaeological work determined the age of the structures, and in 2000-02, the Port Huron Museum acquired both homes and moved them to a lot in Lighthouse Park, where the Fort Gratiot Lighthouse is located. Restoration began in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original fort was constructed entirely of wood. Logs formed the base, with piled earth and upright timbers forming a stockade. The fort was approximately 165 wide feet by 495 feet long. It likely had a two-story blockhouse.</p><br>
<p>Allianoi , is an ancient spa settlement, with remains dating predominantly from the Roman Empire period  located near the city of Bergama  in Turkeys İzmir Province. The site is at a distance of 18 kilometers to the northeast of Bergama, on the road to the neighboring town of İvrindi. Allianoi is directly inside the reservoir of the Yortanlı Dam, built by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works. After ongoing discussion in Turkey with regards to preserving Allianois ruins, the site was covered with sand and the dam was activated, resulting in Allianoi&#39;s complete inundation and destruction in February 2011.</p><br>
<p>One particularity of Allianoi is its being a very recent historical discovery. It was mentioned only once in the 2nd century by the orator and medicinal writer Aelius Aristides in his "Hieroi Logoi" (Sacred Tales) (III.1), one of the key sources for the knowledge on the science of healing as it was understood at that time. No other writer of antiquity nor any epigraphic finding known had referred to Allianoi.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistoric times</h2><br>
<p>During the excavations conducted in the forest to the west of Allianoi, a vessel of the type known as Yortan (dating from the Early Bronze Age II) was found. On the hills of Çakmaktepe (Flint Hill) nearby, a high quantity of flintstones were found during surveys. Additionally, two stone axes were unearthed from an earth fill. These findings suggest some form of prehistoric settlement at or near Allianoi.</p><br>
<h2>Hellenistic period</h2><br>
<p>Because of the presence of hot springs, it is thought that there must have been a thermal bath complex already in the Hellenistic period, but probably at a smaller scale than the later Roman site. No architectural material was found in Allianoi belonging to this period apart from a few archaeological and numismatic clues.</p><br>
<h2>Roman period</h2><br>
<p>During the Roman Imperial Period and especially as of the 2nd century AD, consistent with the emergence of a multitude of urban centers in Anatolia and also with the construction of the famous Asklepion of nearby Pergamon, the number of public works built in Allianoi also increased. Many of the edifices encountered at the site today date from this period. Besides the thermal baths, the bridges, the streets, the insulae, the Connection Building, propylon and the nympheum were all planned and built during this period.</p><br>
<h2>Byzantine period</h2><br>
<p>Allianoi was still densely populated during the Byzantine period. Nevertheless, as was the case with neighboring Pergamon, the socio-economic fabric of the urban settlement had frayed. Some architectural elements of the Roman Period were re-used by the Byzantine settlers. Utilizing the paved streets of the stoas and streets of the Roman period, succeeding Byzantine populations constructed simpler dwellings. The most important buildings of Allianoi, namely the thermal baths and the nympheum, remained in use for a long time, with some minor alterations. A large church reminiscent of a basilica was built in the east, while chapels were constructed in and around the settlement. Metal, ceramic and glass workshops were all traceable to this period.</p><br>
<h2>Ottoman period</h2><br>
<p>The site was known as Paşa Ilıcası (The Thermal Baths of the Pasha) in the Ottoman Period. While noted in the historical documentation of the vilayet (province) of Aydın, it does not seem to have been used on an extensive scale. The only traces of this period are a few shards of coins. In the beginning of the 20th century, the sub-governor of the region did start an effort to put the spa complex back to use and the big pool section has been partially refurbished. Also, all along the Ottoman period and up to 1979, the Roman Bridge situated to the west of the settlement was used to connect the towns of Bergama and İvrindi.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The bath complex was partially cleaned of accumulated silt in the beginning of the 20th century. Despite continuous flooding, the hot springs section was in use in the 1950s. In 1992, the Roman Bridge that was also still in use was reconstructed with some distortions, disregarding the interests of conservationists. Also, in 1992, some rather shabby reconstruction work had been done in Allianoi itself, as a modern building was constructed over the historical remains. The complex was put out of use after heavy flooding in February 1998. Some of the site has been used as farmland. These recent elements were removed in 2003 by the excavation team and the major parts of the Bath Complex beneath them started to come to light.</p><br>
<h3>Yortanlı Dam</h3><br>
<p>The Turkish State Hydraulic Works devised a plan in 1994 to dam the Ilya River with Yortanlı Dam, creating a reservoir in order to increase agricultural productivity in the region. The Allianoi bath complex lies within the proposed reservoir area, meaning it would be covered in water should the dam project go through. Protests from ICOMOS, UNESCO, Europa Nostra, and the EU have done little but to delay the inevitability of the project. As of December 31, 2010, Yortanli Dam started filling water and Allianoi is already under 61 million meter cubic water.</p><br>
<h2>Publications</h2><br>
<p>YARAŞ A. (2004) "Allianoi", TÜRSAB Magazine, August 2004,</p><br>
<p>MÜLLER, H., "Allianoi. Zur Identifizierung eines antiken Kurbades im Hinterland von Pergamon ", IstMitt 54, 2004; 215-225.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 1999 A. Yaraş, "Bergama&#39;da İkinci Antik Sağlık Merkezi: Allianoi", Yapı Aylık Kültür, Sanat ve Mimarlık Dergisi, 217 / Aralık, s. 35-38.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 1999 A. Yaraş "1998 Yortanlı Barajı Kurtarma Kazısı", Bergama Belleten 9, s. 44-50.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2001 A. Yaraş, "Su İçinde Gelen Sağlık, Su İçinde Yok Olan Kültür!; Allianoi", Toplumsal Tarih, Sayı 85, Ocak, s. 26-29.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2001 A. Yaraş, "Tanrıçanın Hüznü Allianoi", Atlas 97,Nisan, s.48-66.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2000 A. Yaraş, "Yortanlı (Bergama) Baraj Havzası’ndaki Tarihsel Miras", Zeugma Yalnız Değil Türkiye&#39;de Barajlar ve Kültürel Miras, Aralık, s. 109-115.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2001 A. Yaraş, "1998-1999 Bergama Yortanlı Barajı Kurtarma Kazısı" 11. Müze Çalışmaları ve Kurtarma Kazıları Sempozyumu (24-26 Nisan 2000 Denizli), Ankara, s.105-118.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2001 A. Yaraş, "2000 Yılı Allianoi Kurtarma Kazısı", XXIII. Kazı Araştırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyum Sonuçları, Ankara, (25-30 Mayıs 2001 Ankara), I. Cilt, s.463-478.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2002 A. Yaraş, "Allianoi " Arkeoatlas sayı 1, s.148-149.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2002 A. Yaraş, "İzmir’de Yeni Bir Ören Yeri; Allianoi", İzmir Kent Kültürü Dergisi, Şubat, sayı 5, s.165-170.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2003 A.Yaraş "Allianoi Geç Antik Çağ Seramik Fırınları", 3. Uluslararası Eskişehir Pişmiş Toprak Sempozyumu, (16-30 Haziran 2003 Eskişehir), s. 404-410.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2003 A. Yaraş, "2002 Yılı Allianoi Kurtarma Kazısı", XXIV. Kazı Araştırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyum Sonuçları,(27-30 Mayıs 2001 Ankara), s. 373-384.Ankara.</p><br>
<p>YARAŞ 2004 A.Yaraş, "Allianoi 2003 Kazıları", XXV Uluslararası Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, (26-31 Mayıs 2002 Ankara), Baskıda.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Paracas Peninsula is a desert peninsula within the boundaries of the Paracas National Reservation, a marine reserve which extends south along the coast. The only marine reserve in Peru, it is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula is located within the Paracas District of the Pisco Province in the Ica Region, on the south coast of Peru. This unusual peninsula may be best known for the Paracas Candelabra, a prehistoric geoglyph nearly 600 ft tall on the north face of the peninsula ridge. Pottery nearby was dated to 200 BCE, placing it within the Paracas culture. Its origins and purpose have inspired many theories.</p><br>
<p>A shipping port was built along the northern peninsula, where deeper water permits larger transport and cruise ships to anchor. Tourists can have access to the Paracas National Reservation, a large marine reserve, while the ships are protected against ocean waves and currents. The peninsula includes red sand beaches formed from sands eroded from nearby cliffs.</p><br>
<p>The port is reached by a single road from the mainland, that goes through the Paracas National Reservation. The Centre Museum, also called the Paracas Museum, holds several ancient artifacts from the Paracas Culture. It also provides detailed information and interpretation about the flora and fauna native to the Reservation, including the many varieties of birds of Paracas.</p><br>
<p>Saddleworth Moor is in the South Pennines in North West England. The moorland, reaching more than 1,312 ft above sea level, is in the Dark Peak area of the Peak District National Park. It is crossed by the A635 road and the Pennine Way passes to its eastern side.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The moor takes its name from the parish of Saddleworth to the west, historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire although it is on the western side of the Pennines, but a part of Greater Manchester since 1974. The moor, an elevated plateau with gritstone escarpments or edges and, around its margins, deeply incised v-shaped valleys or cloughs with fast-flowing streams, straddles the metropolitan boroughs of Oldham in Greater Manchester and Kirklees in West Yorkshire. Moorland east of the county boundary with West Yorkshire is known as Wessenden Moor and Wessenden Head Moor. The moor is crossed by the A635 between the Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire Urban Areas. The A635 is known locally as the Isle of Skye road, taking the name from a former public house at Wessenden Head that was demolished after a fire. The Pennine Way arrives from the Wessenden Valley to the north and crosses the moor on its ascent to Black Hill on Holme Moss to the south. The high moorland is sparsely inhabited. Scattered farmsteads, built of gritstone, and fields demarcated by dry stone walls are on the lower land and in the valleys where there is some coniferous woodland. The overlying peat is cut by drainage channels or groughs. Much of the area is open access land.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>Blanket bog in the area is the most south-easterly occurrence in Europe. Cottongrass is the most dominant feature but sphagnum mosses are scarce. Heather, crowberry, bilberry and the rare cloudberry are also found. The peat formation is 9,000 years old but extensive areas contain bare peat from which the surface has eroded.</p><br>
<h3>Reservoirs</h3><br>
<p>Dovestone, Yeoman Hey, Greenfield and Chew Reservoirs east of Oldham, are accessed from the A635 road. They supply water to the surrounding area. The valley is surrounded by rocky outcrops and moorland. Spruce and pine plantations are found in the valley and broad-leaved trees have been introduced to provide a more diverse habitat.</p><br>
<p>Yeoman Hey was built in 1880 and Chew Reservoir in 1914, and when built, was the highest reservoir in the British Isles at 1,601 ft above sea level. The bed of a tramway, built to aid its construction, remains visible. The area around the reservoir is used for recreation.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>In August 1949, a BEA Douglas DC3 crashed into the hill at Wimberry Stones at the top of the Chew Valley killing 24 passengers and crew and leaving eight survivors.</p><br>
<p>The moor was the burial site of four victims of Ian Brady and Myra Hindley, the Moors murderers. In October 1965, the bodies of Lesley Ann Downey and John Kilbride were discovered. John Kilbride was murdered on the moors by Brady, while Lesley Ann Downey was murdered at the couples house in Hattersley before being buried on the moor. The police were led to Saddleworth Moor by photographs found among Bradys possessions, and claims by Hindley&#39;s brother-in-law that Brady had boasted of committing several murders and burying the bodies on Saddleworth Moor. The remains of Pauline Reade, their first victim in July 1963, were recovered on 1 July 1987. They admitted murdering Keith Bennett in June 1964, but his remains have never been located.</p><br>
<p>In December 2015, the body of an unknown man was found beneath Rob’s Rocks on the track between Chew and Dovestone Reservoirs. He had died of strychnine poisoning. He was identified in January 2017 as David Lytton who had flown from Pakistan two days before his body was found.</p><br>
<p>The Duke of Northumberland&#39;s River consists of separate upper and lower artificial watercourses in west London, England. The older name: Isleworth Mill Stream/River more accurately describes the economic motivation behind construction. The first section draws sluice-drawn water from the Colne &mdash; a source river which has seven distributaries, many of which are man-made &mdash; today an extended distance of 5 mi into the Crane; its lower section of 1.8 mi draws water from that small river in Whitton, Twickenham and discharges it via neighbouring Isleworth, passing Mill Plat into the tidal Thames. A sluice underneath Mill Plat feeds the main lake in Syon Park.</p><br>
<p>__NOTOC__</p><br>
<h2>Western section</h2><br>
<p>The western section was constructed during the reign of King Henry VIII to augment the flow supplying existing mills and to supply new mills, a source of revenue for the Duke of Northumberland&#39;s estate and which would have the corollary benefit of irrigation for his tenants&#39; fields. The surrounding soil is fast-draining gravel. The Dukes and their Somerset-styled forebears were Lords of the Manor of Isleworth (1547&ndash;1554 and 1594-1925) and Twickenham (1538&ndash;1541), retaining much of the dwindling agricultural land until the 20th century. The family cemented its foothold in Isleworth by acquiring a former grandiose monastery by the Thames there which had become Syon House, in 1594 and rebuilding the same, which remains the southern English home of the family.</p><br>
<p>In 1530 a record lists an increase, probably temporary, of 42 labourers working on a new river cut from Longford (probably the Duke of Northumberland&#39;s River).</p><br>
<p>This section diverts a small proportion of water from the River Colne at Longford, south then eastwards to the River Crane. The shallow canal flows through the north of Stanwell, Bedfont and Feltham. For a large part of its early course, it flows alongside its younger "twin", the Longford River. The first part of this upper section passed through Heathrow and was diverted south in 1944 when Heathrow Airport was constructed. Both minor canals were again diverted under a scheme facilitating the construction of Heathrow Terminal 5. They skirt the western and southern perimeter of Heathrow Airport then separate at The Two Bridges, road bridges of residential, bypassed Hatton Road in Bedfont.</p><br>
<p>The river is carved east to join the Crane in patchy woodland known as Donkey Wood, by Baber Bridge at the west end of Hounslow Heath. {{coord|51.4596|N|0.4022|W|type:river_region:GB|display=inline}}</p><br>
<h2>Eastern section</h2><br>
<p>This section diverts water from the Crane in Kneller Gardens, Whitton, Twickenham east then northward past The Stoop and Twickenham Stadium rugby stadia, through Isleworth, originally to its mill then onwards to supply the ornamental ponds in the Duke of Northumberland&#39;s estate at Syon Park. Further sluices here control the flow into the park and the Thames at Isleworth Ait.</p><br>
<p>This part is the older &mdash; built in the time of Syon Abbey &mdash; over 100 years before its inheritance, in 1594, by wife of the "wizard earl", Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, Dorothy (née Devereux) which automatically became his own as this inheritance preceded the Married Women&#39;s Property Act 1870.</p><br>
<p>The Duke of Northumberland&#39;s River can thus be described as a distributary of the Colne and a tributary of the Crane; it is also a distributary of the Crane and a tributary of the Thames. {{coord|51|27|21|N|0|20|39|W|type:river_region:GB|display=inline}}</p><br>
<p>Mechanicsville is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, located northwest of the citys downtown area. One of the citys oldest neighborhoods, Mechanicsville was established in the late 1860s for skilled laborers working in the many factories that sprang up along Knoxville&#39;s periphery. The neighborhood still contains a significant number of late-19th-century Victorian homes, and a notable concentration of early-20th-century shotgun houses. In 1980, several dozen properties in Mechanicsville were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Mechanicsville Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Post-Civil War railroad construction lured heavy industry to the Second Creek valley, starting with the Knoxville Iron Company, which built a massive foundry just southeast of Mechanicsville in 1868. In the 19th century, when the neighborhood acquired its name, the word "mechanic" typically referred to factory workers. Mechanicsville was developed during this period to provide housing for Welsh iron specialists and African-American laborers working at Knoxville Iron and other area factories. By the 1880s, Mechanicsville was surrounded by large factories and mills, and contained most of Knoxville&#39;s railroad maintenance shops.</p><br>
<p>In the early twentieth century, Mechanicsville developed into a primarily African American neighborhood, and was home to the traditionally black Knoxville College, and several early black entrepreneurs and professors.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mechanicsville is roughly bounded by Interstate 40 on the south, Interstate 275 on the east, Beaumont Avenue on the north, and Western Avenue (part of State Highway 62) on the west. Knoxville&#39;s downtown area, namely the Old City and the Southern Railway tracks, lie opposite I-40 to the southeast. The North Knoxville area lies east of I-275, and the Lonsdale area lies to the north. The Fort Sanders neighborhood lies on the other side of I-40 to the south and the University of Tennessee just blocks away.</p><br>
<p>University Avenue divides Mechanicsville into "Old Mechanicsville," which consists of the neighborhood&#39;s older, southeastern section, and "New Mechanicsville," which consists of the more recently developed northern section. The 39 acre campus of Knoxville College dominates the western portion of Mechanicsville.</p><br>
<p>Second Creek, which attracted numerous factories and mills to the area in the late nineteenth century, passes just west of Mechanicsville. Railroad tracks (now used by the Southern Railway), which also attracted industry to the area, pass just south and east of Mechanicsville, running roughly parallel to I-40 and I-275.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>During the Siege of Knoxville, in which Confederate forces under James Longstreet surrounded Knoxville in hopes of starving out Union forces occupying the city, Confederate lines criss-crossed the Mechanicsville area. Confederate pickets stretched between what is now Arthur Street and Clark Street from Western Avenue to Fifth Avenue, as well as along Iredell and Pickett. Several Confederate batteries, which provided part of the artillery barrage during the Battle of Fort Sanders, were situated in the hills where Knoxville College is now located.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, amateur Civil War historian Gary Goodson announced that he had determined that the Confederate Camp Van Dorn was located in Malcolm Martin Park, just west of Knoxville College, but his hypothesis was received with some skepticism.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Civil War development</h3><br>
<p>The combination of railroad construction and Northern financing led to a post-war economic boom in Knoxville, and it was during this period that dozens of factories were built along Second Creek. In 1867, 104 Welsh immigrant families were brought to the area from Pennsylvania by the Welsh-born Richards brothers, Joseph and David, to work in a local rolling mill.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, Civil War general-turned-entrepreneur Hiram S. Chamberlain and the Richards brothers established the Knoxville Iron Company, which erected a massive foundry and nail factory across Second Creek from McGhee&#39;s Addition (part of this complex, now known simply as "The Foundry," still stands). Chamberlain provided the business expertise, while the Richards brothers provided the technical expertise. Several houses in Mechanicsville still have fences made from iron cast at the Knoxville Iron foundry in the 1870s and 1880s.</p><br>
<p>As more factory specialists and laborers moved into the area, Mechanicsville began to grow. The Welsh community expanded to include an area known as the Deaderick&ndash;Swann Addition, which included much of modern Deaderick and Arthur streets, and adjacent streets. Residents in this section built many of Mechanicsvilles elaborate Victorian homes in the 1880s and 1890s. African-American factory workers settled primarily in the Middleton&ndash;Weatherford Addition, which was concentrated around what is now Calloway and Boyd streets. McAnallys Addition, commonly called McAnally Flats, consisted of the area south of Western Avenue, in the vicinity of Leslie Street Park. This latter section developed a reputation as a rough slum in later years, and provided the setting for part of the Cormac McCarthy novel, Suttree.</p><br>
<p>Mechanicsville residents voted to be annexed by Knoxville in 1882. Knoxville was initially lukewarm to the idea, but agreed to accept Mechanicsville as its Ninth Ward on January 1, 1883. At the time of its annexation, Mechanicsville reported a population of just over 2,000, three churches, two schools, six general stores, and a greenhouse. Along with Knoxville Iron, factories located in and around Mechanicsville during this period included the Knoxville Brewing Company (on McGhee), the Standard Handle Company, the W. H. Evans and Son marble company, the Knoxville Car and Wheel Company, and the Greenleaf Turntable Manufactory.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>As the Welsh immigrant families became more successful, they established other businesses in Knoxville, and in subsequent decades, many Welsh dispersed into other sections of the city. Today, more than 250 families in greater Knoxville can trace their ancestry to these original immigrants. The Welsh tradition in Knoxville is remembered through the Welsh descendants celebration of Saint Davids Day.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, Mechanicsville evolved into a prosperous neighborhood of African American businesses and working families, and remained so for several decades. One of the first African-American institutions in Mechanicsville was the Fairview School, built on land donated by John Moses in 1875 (Dora Street is believed to have been named for Mosess daughter). The school was later renamed the Moses School, with the present building completed in 1930. Knoxville College, established in 1875 by the United Presbyterian Church, remained the citys primary black institution throughout the first half of the 20th century. Cansler Street in Mechanicsville is named for Charles W. Cansler (1871&ndash;1953), a leading black citizen and advocate for African-American rights in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Mechanicsville experienced a decline during the second half of the 20th century as Knoxvilles middle class moved from urban areas to suburbs on the citys periphery. A number of old homes were demolished to make way for the construction of the expressway that would eventually become I-40, and others deteriorated as they were converted to into low-rent apartments. College Homes, a public housing development, was built as an urban renewal project near the commercial center of the neighborhood, northwest of Knoxville College. High crime rates continued to drive residents away, however, leaving many homes vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Mechanicsville today</h2><br>
<p>Major community revitalization efforts in Mechanicsville began in the 1970s with the establishment of the preservation group Mechanicsville Citizens for a Better Community. In 1985, Knoxville created the Mechanicsville Task Force, which made recommendations on the rehabilitation of historic homes and the construction of new homes. During the same period, a study on the blighting conditions in the neighborhood was conducted, culminating in the report, "A Redevelopment Plan for Historic Mechanicsville, Knoxville, Tennessee."</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the local public housing authority, Knoxville&#39;s Community Development Corporation (KCDC), received a $22 million HOPE VI grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development to revitalize the College Homes portion of the neighborhood. The families living in the College Homes barracks-style apartments were relocated and the housing project was demolished. The area was then rebuilt with single family and duplex homes designed to blend architecturally with remaining late 19th century neighborhood. In addition, KCDC purchased over 100 vacant lots throughout the neighborhood for new construction, which was also designed to fit in architecturally with the remaining neighborhood. Efforts were made to enable low income families from the area to rent or purchase these homes.</p><br>
<p>A number of corporations have recently located offices and businesses in the area, including the Knoxville News-Sentinel, Cherokee Health Systems, Pilot Oil, Fort Sanders Health System, and a Food City grocery store.</p><br>
<h2>Mechanicsville Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Mechanicsvilles National Register historic district comprises one of the oldest extant neighborhoods from Knoxvilles post-Civil War expansion. Some of its Victorian houses exhibit distinctively Italianate and Gothic influences uncommon in nearby neighborhoods such as Fourth and Gill and Old North Knoxville. The section of Old Mechanicsville along Calloway and Boyd contains Knoxville&#39;s largest concentration of early twentieth century shotgun houses.</p><br>
<h3>Notable buildings</h3><br>
<p>Fire Station No. 5 (419 Arthur Street), a two-story Neoclassical-style firehall built in 1909. This building is Knoxville&#39;s oldest firehall, and was listed individually on the National Register in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Moses School (221 Arthur Street), a three-story brick school building constructed in 1930. A school has existed at this site since the establishment of the Fairview school in 1875. The school was known as the Ninth Ward School in the 1880s, but was eventually renamed for John L. Moses, who had donated the property for the school. The current school building now houses a branch of the Knoxville Police Department Training Academy, and a local chapter of the Boys and Girls Club.</p><br>
<p>501 Arthur (501 Arthur Street), a two-story brick commercial structure with a two-tier porch, built circa 1910. This building was for many years home to a grocery store known as Bradley Food Market, and was most recently home to a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>1524 Western Avenue, a two-story wedge-shaped building with brick band, built circa 1900; originally a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>1545 Western Avenue, a two-story brick Victorian-style commercial structure built circa 1900; formerly home to Western Heights Hardware.</p><br>
<p>244 Deaderick Avenue, a two-story brick commercial structure built circa 1900; wedge-shaped to fit the intersection of Deaderick and Carrick.</p><br>
<p>224 Deaderick Avenue, a two-story house with Gothic Revival elements and a bay window with a sunburst motif, built circa 1900.</p><br>
<p>243 Deaderick Avenue, a two-story Queen Anne-style house with Eastlake-style porch, built circa 1890.</p><br>
<p>415 Clark Street, a one-story Queen Anne-style cottage built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>1007 Oak Avenue, a two-story Queen Anne-style house with an Eastlake-style front porch and a decorated iron fence, built circa 1890.</p><br>
<p>1008 McGhee Avenue, a one-story shotgun house built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>1012 McGhee Avenue, a one-story shotgun house built circa 1900.</p><br>
<p>1509 Boyd Street, a one-story shotgun house built circa 1910.</p><br>
<p>The Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site is a United States National Historic Landmark and a National Historic Site located at 110½ E. Leigh Street on "Quality Row" in the Jackson Ward neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia. The site was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1975. The historic site protects the restored and originally furnished home of Walker. Tours of the home are offered by National Park Service rangers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Maggie Walker NHS is located north of downtown Richmond, in the citys historically black Jackson Ward neighborhood. It consists of six buildings on the north side of East Leigh Street, including 110 A E. Leigh Street, 112 E. Leigh Street, 114 East Leigh Street, 600 North 2nd Street, and 602 North 2nd Street. Most of these buildings have exteriors reflective of the early 20th century, with their interiors repurposed to house Park Service facilities, including a museum and visitors center, as well as curatorial spaces.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the site is the Maggie Walker House, a two-story Victorian Gothic brick rowhouse located near the center of the block of East Leigh between 1st and 2nd Streets. A Colonial Revival porch with sunroom above covers the front of the house. The interior is furnished with original belongings of Maggie Lena Walker, and period furnishings dating to the 1920s and 1930s. The house, complete with Walker&#39;s effects, were donated to the people of the United States by her descendants in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Maggie Walker, the daughter of a slave, was a pioneering African-American businesswoman and civil rights activist. She was an influential member of the NAACP, and is credited with found the first African-American female-owned bank, St. Luke&#39;s Penny Bank (long since folded by mergers into other institutions), in 1902. She was also involved in local philanthropic efforts, supporting schools for education African-American girls in Richmond.</p><br>
<p>Allegheny Commons is a municipal park located in Pittsburgh&#39;s North Side. The park surrounds the neighborhood of Allegheny Center. Dating to 1867, it is the oldest park in the city of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The park was once free grazing land which of Allegheny City in John Redick&#39;s 1784 town plan. It was re-made into a municipal park in the 1860s by landscape architects hired by Allegheny City.</p><br>
<p>Allegheny Commons Park has three main parts, all of which are in the Allegheny Center neighborhood: Allegheny Commons Park West Park, Allegheny Commons Park North Park, and Allegheny Commons Park East Park. The West Park portion is the largest of the three, and it has housed the National Aviary since 1952.</p><br>
<p>A non-profit organization, The Allegheny Commons Initiative maintains the park acting as a liaison between it and the city through advocacy, fundraising, and project management.</p><br>
<h2>Western Penitentiary</h2><br>
<p>From 1826 to 1880, the first prison west of the Atlantic Plain operated in the present day park. It was demolished in 1880. In 1882 a new prison bearing its name was completed a few blocks west, along the Ohio River.</p><br>
<p>Charles Dickens visited the city from March 20-22, 1842, during his American tour. He visited the prison and some scholars believe he based the classic A Christmas Carol on conditions at the facility.</p><br>
<p>The site is famous for housing 118 Confederate soldiers after their capture in Morgan&#39;s Raid a dozen miles to the west. It held them from August 5, 1863 until they were transferred to a military fort in New Jersey on March 18, 1864. Although conditions were good for the time, at least eight Confederates died during the winter, one while attempting escape.</p><br>
